Sentence Builder

Александра Егурнова

Preface

   The suggested textbook is intended for the students with B2-C1 level of English.
   The textbook contains exercises on the syntax of the English language and is divided into seven sections, which includelexico-grammatical exercises to practice the mentioned grammar phenomenon indifferent situations of foreign language communication. The material used in exercises is taken from the authentic books of VOA and BBC Programme Highlights or from the same sites.
   Presented exercises cover a wide range of formats (correlation, filling gaps, error correction, multiple choice, word-formation, transformation, composing sentences, translation, creative exercises), which allows to consider them as a complex sufficient for different types of educational activity both in school and at home.
   As there is a great variety of textbooks and curricula, it seemed reasonable not to link lexical and grammatical material to any topics or books on speech practice in particular. At the same time exercises in each section are presented in the order from simple to difficult, which gives the opportunity to choose those exercises that comply with students’ level. The transition from skills to abilities is ensured with the help of exercises where you are to use a certain grammar phenomenon according to speech circumstances without any lexical prompts.
   The textbook assumes oral practice under the guidance of a teacher, who gives necessary explanations, and subsequent written work at home with the analysis of mistakes made. It can also be used for self-studying. Answer key gives students the opportunity to critically evaluate their knowledge and to outline the ways of elimination of gaps in it. Thus, the presented textbook helps to assure an uninterrupted educational process.

Compound Sentence

Theoretical Part

   1. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The structure of a compound sentence sends certain messages to readers. First, it tells readers that the sentence contains two ideas, each one deserving its own independent clause. Second, it tells readers that these two ideas are approximately equal in importance, since they are balanced as a pair.

   A number multiplied by zero is zero, and a number multiplied by one is the same number.

   Число, умноженное на ноль, равняется нулю, а число, умноженное на единицу, равно самому себе.

   2. Compound sentences can be formed in three ways:

   a) by using coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) or a or by a set of correlatives (either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, both-and). Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma.

   They may take our lives, but they will never take our freedom.

   Они могут убить нас, но не могут забрать нашу свободу.

   Not only do our parents encourage us to work hard, but also they reward us when we succeed.

   Наши родители не только побуждают нас работать усердно, но и поощряют нас, когда мы добиваемся успеха.

   b) by using the semicolon, either with or without conjunctive adverbs (also, besides, hence, for example, however, meanwhile, then, so, finally, as a result, earlier, that is, in fact, however, thus).

   The apples weren't selling very well; so he decided to have a sale.

   Яблоки покупали плохо, поэтому он решил устроить их распродажу.

   Note. When two independent clauses are joined by a long linker (consequently, therefore, henceforth, however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result) there is a semicolon in front of that linker and a comma behind it. When only a semicolon is used to link independent clauses, the clauses should be thoroughly parallel in structure and word choice.

   I can recite lists of irregular verbs any time of the day or night; therefore, I am idolized by my students.

   Я могу в любое время перечислить все неправильные глаголы, поэтому мои ученики боготворят меня.

   October days are often beautiful; November days often aren’t.

   Дни в октябре красивы часто, в ноябре – никогда.

   c) by using the colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences.

   Rabbits make good pets: they don’t make too much noise and they are clean.

   Кролики – хорошие домашние животные: они чистоплотны и не сильно шумят.

   3. The semantic relations between the clauses making up the compound sentence depend partly on the lexical meaning of the conjunction uniting them, and partly on the meanings of the words making up the clauses themselves:

   a) copulative conjunctions (and, neither…nor) express the addition of the meanings:

   You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master, nor would you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often.

   Вряд ли ты сможешь увидеть кота, гуляющего по улице со своим хозяином, ты также не часто можешь увидеть на людях подростка в сопровождении своих родителей.

   b) disjunctive conjunctions (or, otherwise, either…or) form a connection of the clauses with distinct alternatives of their meanings.

   You can make a big poster, or you can make a little clay statue.

   Ты можешь сделать или большой плакат, или можешь сделать маленькую глиняную статую.

   c) adversative conjunctions (but, yet, still, nevertheless, however) form a connection of the clauses with opposition or antithesis of their meanings.

   The boy didn’t want to practice playing the violin, yet he was afraid to disobey his mother.

   Мальчик не хотел играть на скрипке, и в то же время он боялся ослушаться мать.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find compound sentences and explain how they are formed.

   1. Tides constitute a change in the level of water in the oceans and are caused by the gravitational interaction between heavenly bodies. 2. The Great Depression serves as an example of dramatic fluctuations in the balanced wage rate. 3. Ulysses wants to play for UConn Huskies, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. 4. My grandmother has stayed up late four nights in a row; as a result, she cannot seem to get well. 5. Harold wants the Boston Red Sox to win the World Series, yet his favorite team is the Baltimore Orioles. 6. The union leaders wanted to strike, for the union members were not being paid a living wage. 7. Your resume looks quite promising, so we are anxious to hire you. 8. The President’s recommendation called for a tax increase; very few senators will vote for it. 9. Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed. 10. Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate. 11. At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo. 12. Toolmakers not only help to construct elaborate tools but also test them for reliability and utility. 13. Florida has not yet ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, and neither have several other states. 14. She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however she did not have much sugar.

   Exercise 2.Match the parts of the given compound sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 3. Divide the followingadverbial conjunctions into seven groups according to their meaning: 1.Addition; 2.Contrast; 3. Comparison; 4. Exemplification; 5. Intensification; 6. Result; 7. Time.

   instead, in addition, likewise, moreover, meanwhile, consequently, nevertheless, comparatively, on the contrary, incidentally, thereafter, subsequently, for instance, otherwise, furthermore, undoubtedly, accordingly, certainly, conversely, similarly, therefore, for example, additionally, henceforth, finally, similarly, indeed, however, likewise, as a result, on the other hand, namely, then, next, at the same time, notably, in fact, that is, still, also, now

   Exercise 4.Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.

   nevertheless; but; consequently; as a result; or; however; so; for instance; and; furthermore; for; otherwise; finally; moreover

   1. She must have been tired, … she fell asleep the moment she inclined her head. 2. Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1656, … his possessions were sold. 3. They have waited very patiently; … the day has arrived. 4. At this restaurant, patrons order food a la carte, … they buy a complete dinner. 5. I want to own my own company; …, I want to pay all my workers a lot of money. 6. I have paid all of the dues; …, I expect to receive all the privileges listed in the bylaws. 7. Everyone knows how to talk, hardly anyone knows what to say. 8. I telephoned at least ten times yesterday; …, the line was never free. 9. Jane is a conservative; …, she voted for a liberal Democrat in the last election. 10. You should put antifreeze in your car’s radiator each fall; …, your radiator might freeze and ruin your car’s engine. 11. Oscar does not study or get enough sleep; …, he will probably do poorly in school. 12. Fatty foods are high in calories; …, butter contains 108 calories per tablespoon. 13. She saw a cat run in front of her, … she fell down while roller-skating. 14. The raging forest fires consumed much of the timberland; …, they threatened the houses of the people living near the forests.

   Exercise 5.Connect two simple sentences with different coordinators and adverbial conjunctionsandexplain how the use of them alters the relationship between the two clauses.

   Model:

   Tom played chess. Ann went shopping.

   a) Tom played chess, so Ann went shopping. «Tom played chess» first, and as a consequence, «Ann went shopping».

   b) Tom played chess, for Ann went shopping. «Ann went shopping» first, «Tom played chess» because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, because «Ann went shopping.»

   1. Mark did very well on his job interview. He didn't get the position. 2. We thought we might go to see a film. We might have dinner out. 3. The dictionary contains definitions of words. It also contains a great deal of other information. 5. Some animals are endangered. Many people are working to protect them. 6. I have studied German for many years. My German-speaking friends can chat easily with me now. 7. The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient. 8. John invested a lot of money in the business. The business went bankrupt. 9. We needed some food for the week. We went to the supermarket. 10. Janet doesn't like sushi. She doesn't like any kind of fish. 11. The students didn't prepare for the test. They didn't realize how important the test was. 12. You are quite intelligent. However, you don’t think before you act. 13. Peter doesn't need to buy a new car. He also doesn't need to go on vacation. 14. The library is a quiet place to study. 15. Many students prefer to study at home. We wanted to visit our friends, but we didn't have enough money to get a flight. 16. Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to get qualifications for a new profession. 17. The dangers of smoking are well known. Many people continue to smoke anyway. 18. Angela said she might buy him a watch. She might give him a gift certificate. 19. He must have lost his key. He knocked on the door for us to let him in. 20. Wear your seatbelt. You might be injured.

   Exercise 6.In most of the lines in the following text, there is a punctuation mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them. Write the correct punctuation mark in the space provided. If you think a line contains no mistake, put a tick (√) next to it.

   Exercise 7.Insert the punctuation marks into the sentences below.

   1. Some readers contribute funds to private libraries these readers use the library without charge. 2. The power failed for the third time that day and once again we sat in darkness. 3. The handwriting was almost illegible the spelling was very poor throughout the paper. 4. The ancient spirit is not dead old times are still breathing there is still strength and dignity in life. 5. You have to write that paper tonight or you will almost certainly lose points for turning it in late. 6. Most house plants prefer lots of sun and plenty of water others like shade. 7. I have been in the meadows all day and I have gathered there these beautiful flowers. 8. He did not take the money for it was not the right thing to do. 9. Debby left home early but she wasn't able to make it to her class on time because the buses were running late. 10. Some say that all of us want change jobs about every ten years meanwhile we should make the best of our present employment. 11. It was still cold but the rain had stopped. 12. Lewis had been well trained by scientists in Philadelphia and he was a curious man by nature. 13. Mike has a talent for fixing bicycles likewise his brother is very proficient at building motorcycles. 14. My daughter wants to be a computer programmer so she spends all her spare time on the computer. 15. Linda wanted to see Chinatown yet her husband chose Granville Island. 16. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark so they decided to camp for the night. 17. The dog came rushing in so the cat ran upstairs.

   Exercise 8.Use each of the compound sentences below as the model for a new sentence of your own. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model:

   It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.

   It was a dark, snowy morning in Watertown, and the schools were closing for the day.

   1. You will face many defeats in your life, but never let yourself be defeated. 2. Nick had plenty of ideas, besides he knew what to do with them. 3. The days were hot and dry; the nights were extremely cold. 4. I hadn't seen my nieces and nephews for ages, so I went overboard on buying them Christmas gifts. 5. Do you want to stay behind, or will you come with us? 6. Some people did not like the rain, nor did they like the fog. 7. The boys walked down the road and their parents waved from the house. 8. That movie was extremely funny; nevertheless, it was a bit too tasteless for me. 9. Only one choice remained: he must confront his enemy. 10. Everyone knows how to talk, but hardly anyone knows what to say. 11. Every year thousands of salmon swim up the stream near my house, yet I have scarcely ever seen one. 12. Life is full of loneliness and misery and suffering and unhappiness, and it's all over much too quickly. 13. Many tourists visit British Columbia, for they enjoy its natural beauty. 14. Gillian did not like to read, as a result, she was not very good at it. 15. Dogs are obedient animals, in contrast cats are their own bosses. 16. The doctor told him to lose weight; in addition, she advised him to stop smoking. 17. Spelling is hard for many people; nonetheless, there are techniques for improving it.

   Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Вы хотите повести детей в зоопарк, или было бы разумнее пойти с ними в парк? 2. Мы не сможем навестить наших друзей этим летом, а они не смогут приехать к нам. 3. Мы готовились к этому тесту много часов, но так и не сдали его. 4. Они остались на праздник дома, так как им нужно было работать. 5. Мои друзья Аня и Петр недавно переехали в новую квартиру, и они уже заметно преобразили ее. 6. Ваш сын может учиться музыке в следующем году, или же он может вместо музыки изучать драматургию. 7. Ежедневник помогает людям организовать свою жизнь, поэтому вам следует попробовать вести его. 8. Во второй половине дня хлынул проливной дождь, но нам все же удалось устроить пикник. 9. Туристы потратили кучу денег на билеты, иначе они бы не попали на это шоу. 10. Давай пойдем на речку, в доме очень жарко. 11. Я хотел купить щенка тойтерьера, так что начал копить деньги. 12. Этот ребенок снялся во многих фильмах, хотя ему еще нет и пяти лет. 13. Мы закончили ужинать, а потом дети убрали со стола. 14. Позвоните мне завтра, и я дам вам ответ. 15. Я буду рад помочь вам, вдобавок, я люблю готовить. 16. Я люблю гулять по пляжу; кроме того, я надеюсь, что когда-нибудь буду жить рядом с океаном. 17. Сентябрь имеет отличительную особенность: это одновременно и начало, и конец. 18. Многие подростки знают о компьютерах больше, чем их родители; действительно, им они часто приходится учить взрослых пользоваться Интернетом. 19. Мой компьютер сломался, так что я потерял все задания к семинару. 20. Изменение климата влечет за собой резкие колебания температуры, и растения часто не выдерживают подобный стресс.

   Exercise 10. In the following text about Whitney Houston, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.

   Model:

   As a teenager, Whitney Houston performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan. She also had a successful modeling career by the time she was twenty.

   As a teenager, Whitney Houston both performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan; and she had a successful modeling career.

   As a teenager, Whitney Houston performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan. She also had a successful modeling career by the time she was twenty. In nineteen eighty three, Clive Davis, the head of Arista records, heard Whitney Houston singing in New York City. He offered her a recording agreement soon after. The album “Whitney Houston” had seven number one hit singles. It remains the biggest-selling first album by any artist. The singer followed that success with another. Her album “Whitney” sold twenty million copies. It also made her the first female artist to enter the Billboard Top Two Hundred at number one. Whitney Houston was clearing a path of recognition for women artists. However, her next professional move was her most important. She recorded the soundtrack for and starred in “The Bodyguard,” in nineteen ninety-two. Kevin Costner played opposite White Houston in the movie. It is the story of a relationship between a pop music star and a former secret service agent who protects her. The movie was a big hit, making more than four hundred million dollars in ticket sales worldwide. But the film’s popularity did not even come close to the success of the album that went with it. “The Bodyguard” is the fourth highest selling album of all time. Forty-four million copies have been sold. Among the singles is “I Will Always Love You,” a song written and recorded earlier by Dolly Parton. Whitney Houston’s version sold many more copies. In nineteen ninety-two, Whitney Houston’s personal life also grew. She married singer Bobby Brown, of the band New Edition. The marriage surprised many people both in and outside the music industry. Bobby Brown was considered an industry “bad boy.” Meanwhile Whitney Houston had an innocence that led to her nickname the “prom queen of soul.” She and Bobby Brown had a daughter, Bobbi Kristina, in nineteen ninety-three. In the late nineteen nineties, Whitney Houston’s professional behavior began to come under question. She began to cancel shows and was late for important events. Her appearance changed; she lost weight and looked unhealthy. Her voice also was suffering. Many reports said she was abusing drugs and alcohol.

   Exercise 11.Also, try writing your own compound sentences using different coordinating conjunctions. For additional practice, use new vocabulary from a recent class.

   Exercise 12.Tell what you like and dislike most of all, using ten simple sentences. Tell the same story, using ten compound sentences.

Complex Sentence

   1. A complex sentence is a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause (that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence). A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are dependent.

   Model:

   The people slipped into dejection under the seemingly endless rain that pelted down day after day.

   a) The people slipped into dejection under the seemingly endless rain (main idea); b) that pelted down day after day (subordinate idea).

   2. The subordinate clauses function grammatically as subject, object, predicative, attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause. Accordingly, there are five types of subordinate clauses: the subject clause, the predicative clause, the attributive clause, the object clause, and several types of adverbial clauses.

   Models:

   It is obligatory that we finish this assignment before class ends (the subject clause).

   A law of physics is that energy in any system cannot be created or destroyed (the predicative clause).

   Artificial intelligence is concerned with designing computer systems that perform such tasks as learning new skills (the attributive clause).

   Robert Merton studied how society influences the development of science (the object clause).

   Because the world is getting warmer, polar bears are in danger of becoming extinct (the adverbial clause).

   3. Complex sentences can contain two or more subordinate clauses, besides the principal clause:

   Model:

   I knew a man, who believed that, if a man were permitted to make the ballads, he shouldn’t care who made the laws of the nation.

   a) I knew a man (the principal clause); b) who believed (the attributive clause); c) if a man were admitted to make the ballads (the adverbial clause); d) that he shouldn’t care (the object clause); e) who made the laws of the nation (the object clause).

   A subordinate clause may follow, precede or interrupt the principal clause:

   Models:

   Each bowler rolls the ball twice in each frame, unless a strike is bowled.

   Before Richard Bennett accepted the appointment as the prime minister of Canada in 1930, he had achieved success as a lawyer.

   William Hazlitt's essays, which were written in vigorous and informal style, appeared between 1821 and 1822.

   Complex sentences are connected:

   a) by means of conjunctions and connectives: that, whether, after, as, because, in order that, since, so that, although, whereas, while, even if, if, in case, provided that, unless, before, once, still, till, until, when, whenever, while.

   Model:

   Little land animals live in the polar regions which are covered with snow year round.

   b) asyndetically:

   Model:

   Were a drop of water magnified to the size of the earth, the molecules composing it would be about the size of oranges.

   Note. These conjunctions and connectives are often polysemantic and multifunctional, which may cause confusion in usage and understanding.

   Models:

   What is fairly gathered is roundly spent (the subject clause). This book was what is often referred to as an autobiographical novel (the predicative clause). I don’t know what you are talking about (the object clause).

   4. A comma is generally not used between the main clause and the subordinate clause if the subordinate clause stands after the main clause. But a comma is used between them if the subordinate clause stands at the beginning of the sentence before the main clause.

   Models:

   The child is naughty only when he is concerned about being ignored by his brothers.

   Although Connecticut occupies a small area, its weather can vary from one area to another.

Subject Clause

Theoretical Part

   1. A subject clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the subject performs within a simple sentence (the agent or target of the action) and answers the questions who? or what? The main clause having no subject is deficient in its structure and meaning unless joined with the subordinate clause.

   Whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with income (who?).

   Тот, кто любит богатство, никогда не удовлетворен своим доходом.

   It is crystal clear that if you lose weight, you will have a happier, healthier, better life (what?).

   Несомненно, что, если ты похудеешь, твоя жизнь станет счастливее, здоровее и лучше.

   2. Complex sentences with subject clauses may be of two patterns:

   a) when a subject clause precedes the predicate of the main clause:

   That she will never agree to marry him was absolutely clear to everybody.

   То, что она никогда не согласится выйти за него замуж, было совершенно ясно каждому.

   b) when a subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence (then it is introduced by the formal it):

   It was wonderful that we could see each other.

   Как хорошо, что нам удалось повидаться.

   Note. In exclamatory sentences the formal it may be only implied.

   How lovely (it is) that the sun has come out!

   Как чудесно, что выглянуло солнце!

   3. Subordinate subject clauses are introduced in the following ways:

   a) by means of the connectives what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, which, whose, when, where, how, why, because. (A connective what is used only without formal it). Subject clauses of this type cannot be joined asyndetically, as the opening words signal the subordinate status of the clause:

   Because I ask too many questions does not mean I am curious.

   То, что я задаю слишком много вопросов, не значит, что я любопытен.

   b) by means of the conjunctions that, whether, if. (A conjunction that is used only with formal it):

   It is better that she should see everything with her own eyes.

   Будет лучше, если она увидит все своими собственными глазами.

   Note. Subordinate subject clauses beginning with the conjunctions whether/if should not be mixed with subordinate clauses of time and condition. In subordinate subject clauses a predicate can be expressed by the verb in any of the Future tenses.

   If he will call you is hard to predict (a subject clause).

   Трудно предсказать, позвонит ли он тебе.

   If he calls you, don’t forget to give him my regards (a conditional clause).

   Если он позвонит, не забудь передать ему мой привет.

   c) asyndetically (only with formal it):

   It is a pity you should have forgotten about mother’s birthday.

   Жаль, что ты забыл о мамином дне рождения.

   4. Subject clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma except we have two or more subject clauses coordinated with each other.

   Who his father was, and why he deserted his family, were the questions that often pressed on the girl’s mind.

   Кем был ее отец и почему он бросил свою семью, эти вопросы часто угнетали девушку.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find the subjects and explain what they are.

   1. Being the first woman president of Harvard did matter to a lot of people. 2. Her mother, who never worked outside of the home, was not one to encourage Faust to higher ambitions. 3. It was anticipated that probably I would marry and be a wife and mother. 4. That Faust's mother didn't live to witness her daughter’s success is a pity. 5. That the cost of an education at the elite private university does not prohibit talented applicants from attending makes sense. 6. For students from families with incomes under $60,000 a year, there is no parental contribution expected at all. 7. American higher education is seen as a model in many other countries. 8. What they wanted to talk with me about was the liberal arts and humanities. 9. To become president of an Ivy League university takes years of hard work. 10. It is essential that education should prepare people for a lifetime, not just a single career. 11. What they saw as characteristic of American higher education is imaginativeness, curiosity and creativity. 12. Faust’s responsibilities as president of Harvard have taken her to many corners of the globe. 13. She is a noted scholar of the American South and the Civil War. 14. Her mother seemed quite angry to have limited options for herself.

   Exercise 2.In most of the lines in the following text, there is an unnecessary word. For questions 1-28, find the unnecessary words and write them on the lines provided. If you think a line contains no unnecessary word, put a tick (√) next to it.

   Exercise 3.Read the text about Olde Towne Pet Resort in Springfield, Virginia. Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.

   whoever     that     what     how     when     that     whatever

   that     why     how     if     because     that     who

   1. … pet ownership in the United States has reached an all time high is an issue of the day. 2. … a dog was just a dog kept outside in its little dog house out in the backyard has become a past experience. 3. It is not surprising … Ms. Atashbarghi says she too has been guilty of what some might call puppy love. 4. … this puppy will be considered part of the family is still to be seen. 5. … pet food manufactures may say does not discourage many pet owners from feeding the animals people food. 6. It surprises no one … popular this well-to-do hotel for animals has become among the Washington area’s pet owners. 7. … refuses to leave their pets home alone can bring them to «Doggie Day Camp» to come for a day or stay for the night. 8. … brings his dog to the center may be sure there are many different activities and services to choose from. 9. … much you will be charged depends on the size of the room and the number of services chosen. 10. … the center seeks to provide pets with the same kind of care they receive at home is very essential for their owners. 11. … they like the best is that pets can even have their nails done. 12. … some dogs like to be tucked in at night, before they go to sleep, doesn’t amaze Sadaf. 13. … there is also a webcam means owners can see their pets while they are separated. 14. … Ms. Atashbarghi is planning to open a second pet resort in Sterling, Virginia indicates that her business has been successful.

   Exercise 4.Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 5. Define the type of the clause (subject, conditional, time) and choose the correct form of the verb.

   1. When future generations hear/will hear these songs of pain and progress and struggle and sacrifice, I hope they will not think of them as somehow separate from the larger American story. 2. If autistic children form/will form an attachment, it predominantly will be to inanimate objects. 3. Whether projections of demographic shifts are reliable and prove/ will prove to be valid in the future is still to be verified. 4. When their profit targets are/will be reached or surpassed senior executives will receive bonuses. 5. When the mining of minerals brings/will bring about the destruction of landscapes and wildlife habitats in this area is not hard to predict. 6. If the smoke from burning fuels is/will be released into the atmosphere it will cause pollution. 7. Until the cubs have/will have grown up foxes stay in closely knit family groups. 8. When too many firms enter/will enter competitive markets, their share of profits will fall. 9. If each reflex involve/will involve some stimulus that causes a response is doubtful. 10. When consumers don’t/won’t have everything they want, they will have to choose what they want most. 11. Whether coaching and preparatory courses yields/will yield results is still to be examined on test scores. 12. Whether the goalkeeper or one of the other players retrieve/will retrieve the ball from the goal makes little difference. 13. When a criminal case goes/will go to trial, the defendant may elect to have it heard either by a jury or by a judge. 14. Even if they don’t/won’t come into physical contact electrically charged particles will exert a magnetic force on one another.

   Exercise 6.Make complex sentences with subject clauses from the sentences below.

   Model:

   Today, the Space Needle is the most popular place for visitors to Seattle. And it remains the internationally known symbol of the city.

   That the Space Needle has become the internationally known symbol of Seattle makes it the most popular place for visitors to the city.

   1. The red clover is high in protein content. It is an extremely important leguminous hay and pasture plant of the eastern United States. 2. Unlike most Europeans, many Americans are used to eating bacon and eggs for breakfast every day. It is remarkable. 3. The financial manager's job is to shop around among the many sources of finance. He ought to find the best interest rates available. 4. All matter has kinetic energy because of its motion and mass. An axiomatic assumption in physics holds that. 5. Gardeners transplant bushes and flowers by moving them from one place to another. It is a well-known fact. 6. Fruit flies do not have to leap to take off. The scientists have established the cause of it lately. 7. Eskimos migrated from Alaska to Greenland in two great movements. Historians postulate when it happened. 8. Many people go to the Olympic Games. Each of them is hoping to be entertained by world-class sports. 9. Charles Kettering patented something in 1911. It was the first successful spark-based starter for automotive vehicles. 10. The planet Mercury rotates more slowly than any other planet except Venus. It surprises me. 11. Much information can be retained in short-term memory. The amount of it depends almost exclusively on how it is arranged. 12. Educational toys and games give children an opportunity to enjoy themselves. It is indisputable. 13. Humorous misunderstandings are often used in children's poetry and rhymes. They are a result of a word used in ambiguous contexts. 14. Water fire extinguishers must never be used for fires that involve electrical equipment. It is crucial.

   Exercise 7.Use each of the compound sentences below as the model for a new sentence of your own. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model:

   How he is going to get across the border is the greatest difficulty.

   How they are planning to lift the piano to the fifth floor is an insurmountable problem.

   1. That he was prepared to die for her that day revealed his blind and unrequited love for her. 2. It is necessary that each student should write an essay before taking an oral exam. 3. What they learnt from him was that they were never going to have it so good again. 4. It had seemed certain that their meeting was fortunate. 5. Whether I help you or not depends on your behaviour, my boy. 6. Whoever makes trouble during the World Cup will be severely dealt with. 7. That some of the famous athletes shave their heads is cool. 8. It was demanded that I should tell them all that had passed at the conference. 9. Whatever the little girl said or did became immediately known to her parents. 10. It seemed necessary that his friends should be kept away from interfering with his work. 11. What the country needs at the present point in time is new and better leadership. 12. That the price of petrol is rising again doesn't surprise me. 13. How they could get through it all, had often amazed Mrs. Eden. 14. Whoever moved to this haunted house next would need to keep the presence of mind. 15. It was unlikely that he would take any steps against his brother. 16. What nominee is saying is welcomed by his supporters. 17. It was all wrong that someone so young should be so ill. 18. It is advisable that she should have someone to look after her. 19. It was agreed that he should be the first to pilot a new jet. 20. That he would get into a pretty mess was clear from the very beginning.

   Exercise 8.Compose your own complex sentences with subject clauses from the words below. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model 1:

   It is apparent that the asteroid belt took shape early in the formation of the solar system, about four and one-half billion years ago.

   is/was apparent, clear, critical, disconcerting, disgusting, distressing, due (to), evident, essential, important, indisputable, inevitable, obvious, remarkable, significant, striking, suggestive, true, undeniable, vital, worrying.

   Model 2:

   It is a fact that the Treasury Department continually works to change the design of bills to make it difficult to copy.

   be+noun a fact / a factor, an accident, a reason, a consequence, a miracle, a result (of), a problem, no reason (for), the fault (of), a source (of), a measure (of), a pity.

   Model 3:

   It surprises the world market that Indonesia’s economy has become a bright light amid global economic gloom, with strong growth drawing new attention from international investors.

   verb surprises, amazes, amuses, angers, astonishes, bothers, deters, disgusts, disturbs, enriches, helps, illustrates, impresses, influences, infuriates, makes us (verb), matters, offends, reflects, reveals, shows, stuns, upsets, appeals (to), indicates something (to), means something (to), occurs, suggests (to).

   Model 4:

   It is acknowledged that food can have a powerful impact on showcasing a culture and can help to generate increased tourism.

   be+Participle acknowledged, appreciated, believed, challenged, doubted, disputed, found true, recognized, remembered, understood, verified, well-known.

   Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Странно, что никто никому ничего не говорил, но все знают обо всем. 2. Очевидно, что нельзя заставить ребенка хорошо учиться только тем, что ругать его все время. 3. Тебе не кажется подозрительным, что он с тех пор больше ничего не написал? 4. То, что беспокоит меня сейчас, это состояние здоровья моей матери. 5. Есть ли жизнь на других планетах нашей Галактики, до сих пор неизвестно. 6. Как будет продаваться книга, зависит от ее сюжета и автора. 7. Давно известно, что молния есть не что иное, как электрическая искра. 8. Несомненно, что друзья должны держаться вместе в разных обстоятельствах. 9. Кто спас жизнь тонущей девушке, осталось неизвестным. 10. Сомнительно, является данная выплата вполне законной. 11. Весьма возможно, что ты встретишь их по дороге в университет. 12. Что ей было нужно, так это то, чтобы он сказал ей, как сильно он ее любит. 13. Что он выдумал эту историю с начала до конца еще надо доказать. 14. Трудно сказать, когда эта яблоня принесет первые плоды. 15. Важно, чтобы письмо было отправлено сегодня. 16. То, что она забыла меня так быстро, стало для меня шоком. 17. Никому не ясно, почему взорвался атомный котел. 18. Согласятся ли они с тем, что аренда будет оплачена на следующей неделе, еще неизвестно. 19. Неизвестно, когда будет изобретено лекарство от рака. 20. Многих людей удивляет то, как быстро могут бактерии размножаться при благоприятных условиях.

   Exercise 10. Retell the following story using as many subject clauses as possible.

   Through Writing, Afghan Women Find Freedom

   In the virtual space created by The Afghan Women’s Writing Project (AWWP), women have the freedom to write about whatever they want and they can receive mentoring by a volunteer team of teachers and authors. Zahra A., who is in her 20s, is excited about telling her story through the project’s web site. “She’s a daughter of uneducated farmers who place a high value on education for their children in the face of community and extended family disapproval,” says American novelist Naomi Benaron, who is Zahra’s mentor. “She puts despair on the page, but she’s eternally hopeful.” Zahra teaches English at an orphanage and writes about Afghan girls’ life experiences and aspirations. Masha Hamilton, an American journalist and novelist, founded The Afghan Women’s Writing Project in 2009, ten years after her first visit to Kabul. She was inspired, she says, by all the strong, smart Afghan women she encountered, who are eager to learn and express themselves. “It’s important for a certain kind of survival to tell your own story, to tell it out loud. When you tell your story, you see it in different ways, and then you make changes that are right for you,” Hamilton says. “We don’t teach English. They write in English as the best they can. We fix it up. We work with them on their creative story-telling abilities.” Over the past three years, the number of women taking part in the project has grown steadily, as the women share their experiences with their friends and family. “We have about 100 writers now," says journalist Susan Postlewaite, who edits their stories and poetry. “We’re adding more writers. Our oldest writer is 45; our youngest writer is about 14.” These women often face enormous risks to write their stories. Postlewaite says some of them hide laptops under their burqas while walking through Taliban-controlled territory. Recently, AWWP moved out of cyberspace into an actual building in the capital city, Kabul, where women can come, use the Internet and inspire one another. “I feel I’m not alone and there’s a need for change,” says Mahnaz, 20, who joined the group three years ago. In her poem “Legitimizing Inequality,” she explores how women become victims of cultural and religious beliefs. Mahnaz says AWWP opened the door for her and other writers to have a voice and be a force for change.

   Exercise 11.Make up a story, which explains the meaning of the following idiom: “Whoever loves money never has money enough.” Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences with subject clauses.

Predicative Clause

Theoretical Part

   1. A predicative clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the predicate performs within a simple sentence (the action of a verb). Attention should be paid to the peculiar structure of the principal clause; it contains only part of the predicate – a link verb, which together with a predicative clause forms a compound nominal predicate.

   All I wanted was that they finally stopped talking about me.

   Всё, чего я хотела, – чтобы они перестали обсуждать меня.

   The main issue is how we are going to fix the situation up.

   Главный вопрос – как мы сможем уладить сложившуюся ситуацию.

   2. Subordinate predicative clauses are introduced in the following ways:

   a) by means of the connectives what, who, which (conjunctive pronouns); when, where, how, why (conjunctive adverbs). Predicative clauses of this type cannot be joined asyndetically, as the opening words signal the subordinate status of the clause:

   The thing is which way will lead us to the castle.

   Вопрос в том, какая дорога ведет к замку.

   That was why I left.

   Вот почему я ушел.

   b) by means of the conjunctions that, whether, if, as if:

   She felt as if the ground was slipping from under her feet.

   Она чувствовала, будто земля уходит из под ее ног.

   The truth is that we are committed to sinking or swimming with the dollar.

   Правда в том, что мы всецело зависим от доллара.

   c) asyndetically:

   The problem is we don’t know what to do.

   Проблема в том, что мы не знаем, что делать.

   Note. In a complex sentence with a subject clauses and a predicative clause, the principal clause is represented only by the link verb:

   What they are concerned about is why we are here.

   Что их беспокоит – так это то, почему мы здесь.

   3. In general, predicative clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma except we have two or more predicative clauses coordinated with each other:

   The fact is that he has no alibi, and that the evidence is against him.

   Дело в том, что у него нет алиби, а все улики указывают на него.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find predicative clauses and explain how they are connected with the principal clause.

   1. Researchers at Ohio State University say sheep probably respond more to good care than any other animal. So the first thing people should ask themselves is whether they have enough time to give sheep the attention they need. 2. One of the best places to hear jazz is New York City. Which is why the International Association of Jazz Education sometimes holds its yearly conference there. 3. Many people consider themselves number one, the most important person. They are always looking out for number one and taking care of number one. It is as if they are the one and only person on Earth. 4. It was a thickly-wooded area west of Fredericksburg, Virginia. That was where the Union army had lost a battle to the Confederates one year before. That was where the two armies would fight again. 5. Experts say one reason is because more people are smoking cigarettes in developing countries. 6. At issue is whether Mister Hussein should be tried before an Iraqi court or an international court. 7. But, the fact is, the American people are focused on our economy, and they are asking the question: where are the jobs?» 8. The government first banned shipments in December of two thousand three. That was when the United States reported its first case of mad cow disease – bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or B.S.E. 9. I am working in Pakistan for a very good Chinese company. My problem is how I am to live a life in China being a white guy. 10. The summer of nineteen-sixty-nine was a special time in history. That was when men from Earth – American astronauts – flew their Apollo Eleven spacecraft to the moon, landed and returned home safely. 11. This is how the case developed: In nineteen ninety-eight, officials in New London, Connecticut, announced plans to redevelop an area of the city. Soon, the drug company Pfizer decided to place a research center in New London. 12. Supporters say this will reduce health care costs for all Americans. For opponents, the question is whether the federal government has the right to tell people what they can or cannot do. 13. Another explanation is that «OK» was invented by a political organization that supported Martin Van Buren for president in the eighteen hundreds. 14. It was outrageous enough to be posted on VK, but it was actually more outrageous than that, and I felt as if I was about to curl up and die. 15. Another question is, who has the right to sell Iraq’s oil? 16. Former president Bill Clinton said it was as if somehow school boards «could legislate differences in algebra or math or reading.» 17. The whole point of the interview was if he was the right person for the advertised position. 18. Our subject this week is what the writer O. Henry called the one day that is purely American – Thanksgiving.

   Exercise 2.Find and correct the mistakes in the following abridged dialog. If a sentence is correct, put a tick (√). If it has a word that should not be there, write this word on the line.

   Exercise 3. Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.

   whether     that     what     how     when    where    which   who

   why     how     if     as if     when   where   that

   1. There were times when I missed having a father in my life. There were times when I was lonely and felt … I didn't fit in. 2. The worry is … any decrease in lending could hurt a global recovery. 3. He said the question was … it would be right to stop people from communicating «when we know they are plotting violence, disorder and criminality.» 4. At first, she said Chicago. That was … the Lincolns were going to live after they left the White House. 5. These systems are designed to reduce labor and increase milk production. Here is … they work: Cows are trained to follow a series of paths that lead to milking stations. Only one cow at a time can enter a station. 6. In the early nineteen hundreds, there was a dance hall in New Orleans called The Big Easy. But the nickname did not become famous until the early nineteen seventies. That was … a Louisiana newspaper writer began calling New Orleans by this name. 7. The concern is … extended contact with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields may increase a user's risk for glioma. 8. People believed for a long time that the heart was the center of a person's emotions. That is … the word heart is used in so many expressions about emotional situations. 9. The message was: “… hath God wrought?” 10. Baby boomers were born between nineteen forty-six and nineteen sixty-four. That was … the birth rate in the United States rose sharply, or boomed, after the end of World War Two. 11. Missus Astor gave tens of millions of dollars mainly to places and people in New York City. She said it was the sensible choice because that was … the money had been made. 12. The next decision is … area of the huge museum to explore first. It would take days to fully explore the museum. 13. Earning the organic label requires controlled conditions. The question is … fish that swim wild and free – like Alaskan salmon – could meet the proposed requirements. 14. Apple says this latest OS X upgrade has over two hundred new features. But one big difference is … the company will sell it. 15. JON HUNTSMAN: "But the question each of us wants the voters to answer is … will be the better president, not who is the better American.”

   Exercise 4.Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 5.Make complex sentences with predicative clauses from the extract below.

   Example:

   Tattoos are rather popular among men (now, big thing).
   A big thing now is that tattoos are rather popular among men.

   Tattoos and Beauty Products in Kenya

   1. A growing number of Kenyans get tattoos (not a very common situation, still). 2. The older generation thinks about this skin taint (predictable). 3. A lot of Kenyan mothers would frown. What some people really needed was a tattoo. 4. In the past the people who had tattoos were considered very bad and accused of having an unpleasant character (attitude). 5. Nowadays more and more people are getting tattoos (getting used, result, such a novelty). 6. There are several reasons for getting a tattoo. Some people believe it is a form of embellishment or a status symbol. Kenyan men think it makes the human body look more beautiful. 7. At present the African men go to beauty salons (rumor, the press). 8. Manicures and pedicures and beauty therapy in general – some of them prefer today. 9. It seems such a development is increasing (interesting thing). 10. Why this is happening (question, such a ticklish, arising, state of affairs). 11. Basically women used to spend their free time (how, in fact, using beauty products, such as, going for services, pedicures and manicures). 12. Today you find men in a salon and many men seem to be accepting this (experience, interesting).

   Exercise 6.Complete the second sentence using the word(s) in bold. Use two to five words including the word given. Do not change the word(s) given. The first sentence has been done for you.

   0 More than two hundred million children worldwide are forced to work, mostly on farms.
   Estimates
   Estimates are that more than two hundred million children worldwide are forced to work, mostly on farms.

   1 One man who was there said: «A bright star had gone out of the sky.»
   as if
   One man who was there said …………………………. a bright star had gone out of the sky.

   2 Financial markets offer no guarantees. The Securities and Exchange Commission exists.
   why
   Financial markets offer no guarantees. ……………….. the Securities and Exchange Commission exists.

   3 Over time, the church grew, especially after nineteen eighty. The new minister was a clergyman named Lon Solomon.
   when
   Over time, the church grew, especially after nineteen eighty. ………………..…………….. a clergyman named Lon Solomon became the new minister.

   4 Some colleges reported big increases in the number of applications. They say high school seniors are applying to more schools than in the past.
   main
   They say ……………….. high school seniors are applying to more schools than in the past.

   5 He discovered that lung capacity in these children was far weaker than in those kids who live at least 1500 meters away from a thoroughfare.
   What
   ………………………………. lung capacity in these children was far weaker than in those kids who live at least 1500 meters away from a thoroughfare.

   6 Many measles wards have become empty in hospitals in Africa.
   good
   ………………………… many measles wards have become empty in hospitals in Africa.

   7 Blood transfusions can save lives. But they can also spread diseases. At least two people in Britain became infected with the human version of mad cow disease.
   how
   Blood transfusions can save lives. But they can also spread diseases. Researchers ……………………… at least two people in Britain became infected with the human version of mad cow disease.

   8 Players might see the training room as not the place even for well-qualified women.
   concern
   They say ……………………. players might see the training room as not the place even for well-qualified women.

   9 The main building is Independence Hall. Colonial leaders declared independence and later debated the creation of a government.
   where
   The main building is Independence Hall. ……………………… colonial leaders declared independence and later debated the creation of a government.

   Exercise 7.Compose your own complex sentences with predicative clauses from the words below. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model 1:
   The thing is I don’t remember how I left her place.

   noun+be (+connective/conjunction): a fact, an aspect, a reason, a miracle, a result, a news, a problem, a thing, a principle, a policy, an issue, a matter, a point, a challenge, an outcome, a sign, a case, a concern, a worry

   Model 2:
   Today graffiti scenes appear more often in Barcelona. That ishow the artists use their free time.

   particle+be+connective/conjunction: that, this

   Model 3:
   Having broken the wedding photo, the bride felt as if she had lost something that would never reappear again.

   feel+as if

   Model 4:
   What I see is how the waves are breaking on the shore and how the breeze is stirring petals of the flowers.

   Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Вот, кто я, а это – то, что я изучал, а это – то, что я надеюсь изучить в университете. 2. Вопрос не в том, как это произошло, а что нам делать дальше. 3. По подсчетам, каждый год в нашей стране похищают около 1000 несовершеннолетних. 4. Ощущение было такое, словно ты стал легким как перышко и можешь порхать как бабочка. 5. Никто не хочет умереть от голода. Поэтому люди работают на нескольких работах. 6. Бессонница – это когда ты не можешь заснуть или насладиться непрерывным сном. 7. Мыс Доброй Надежды – то место, где Наполеон провел последние дни своей жизни. 8. Причина высокого уровня разводов заключается в том, что среднестатистическая супружеская пара слишком молода для такого зрелого шага. 9. Дилеммой было, какую книгу следует прочитать первой: приключенческий рассказ или фантастику. 10. Я беспокоюсь по поводу того, что деньги закончатся через год, и что затем произойдет. 11. Возможно, то, что он задумал, – это то, что одобрит совет директоров. 12. Проблема в том, сократит ли правительство уровень безработицы, чтобы предотвратить восстание. 13. Суть в том, что у каждого человека есть свои обязанности, которые он должен исполнять. 14. Она температурила, поэтому у нее были заплаканные глаза. 15. Он ей не нравился. Каждый раз, когда он ее касался, она чувствовала словно лезвие бритвы полосует ее кожу. 16. Хорошая новость в том, что нам предоставят 50-процентную скидку на авиабилеты. 17. Дом на берегу реки – то место, где жители деревни видели разыскиваемого преступника. 18. Одно из возможных объяснений – у их мозга было больше времени для развития мыслительных способностей. 19. Тема сочинения – что такое счастье и как его достичь. 20. Переезд в другой округ – вот почему я так волнуюсь.

   Exercise 9.Find two or three expressions that relate to some particular nation and provide a proper explanation, using a predicative clause, and translation for them. You may support your mini report with some historical background information.
   Model: Many of the Dutch expressions heard in American English were first used in England in the seventeenth century. That was a time of fierce naval competition between England and The Netherlands. At that time, the British used Dutch as a word for something bad, or false or mistaken. Some of these expressions exist nowadays.
   For example, Dutch courage is when courage is produced by the effects of drinking alcohol, but it is a false feeling. It corresponds to the Russian «храбрость во хмелю, пьяная удаль; ≈ море по колено.»
   Dutch leave was what a soldier took when he left his base without permission. It is a synonym of the word «desertion» and is translated as «дезертирство; оставление поста.»
   Dutch lunch/supper is when in a company/group of people (or on a date) eating together each person pays for his/her meal. We can render it as «угощение, при котором каждый платит за себя.»

   Exercise 10.Write an essay of at least 250 words, which explains the meaning of one of the following quotations or proverbs. Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences with predicative clauses.

   1 «If you love life, don’t waste time, for time is what life is made up of.»
   – Bruce Lee
   2 «You must understand the whole of life, not just one little part of it. That is why you must read, that is why you must look at the skies, that is why you must sing and dance, and write poems, and suffer, and understand, for all that is life.»
   – J. Krishnamurti
   3 Handsome is that handsome does.
   English Proverb
   4 «Nobody gets to live life backward. Look ahead, that is where your future lies.»
   – Ann Landers
   5 «I grew up with six brothers. That’s how I learned to dance – waiting to get into the bathroom.»
   – Bob Hope
   6 «It is a ridiculous thought but it is only when you see people looking ridiculous that you realize how much you love them.»
   – Agatha Christie
   7 A man is not where he lives, but where he loves.
   Latin Proverb
   8 «In fact, it makes me mad when someone kills snakes or dogs or cats or horses. I don’t even like to eat meat – that is how much I am against killing.»
   – Charles Manson
   9 «The only time a woman really succeeds in changing a man is when he is a baby.»
   – Natalie Wood

Object Clause

Theoretical Part

   1. An object clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the object performs within a simple sentence (the recipient of the action of a verb) and answers the questions what? Object clauses fulfill the function of an object to the predicate-verb, to a non-finite form of the verb, or to an adjective of the principal clause.

   She wanted to see how he was doing his job (what?)

   Она хотела увидеть, как он справляется с работой.

   I don’t know whether he will come or not (predicate-verb).

   Я не знаю, придет ли он.

   Mr. Bush went on to discuss other economic issues, saying once again that he intends to send Congress a spending plan next week (non-finite form).

   Г-н Буш перешел к обсуждению других экономических вопросов, еще раз подчеркнув, что намерен отправить программу капиталовложений в Конгресс на следующей неделе.

   He was not sure why he was still thinking of her (adjective).

   Он не был уверен, почему он все еще думает о ней.

   2. Complex sentences with object clauses may be of three patterns:

   a) when an object clause follows the predicate of the main clause (the usual pattern):

   They heard he was going to give away the names of the criminals to the police.

   Прошел слух, что он собирается выдать имена преступников полиции.

   b) when an object clause is preceded be the introductory object it:

   I am aware of it that they are seeing each other behind my back.

   Мне прекрасно известно, что они тайно встречаются.

   c) when an object clause is introduced by a preposition:

   You should keep your mind on what the teacher is saying.

   Тебе следует сосредоточиться на том, что говорит учитель.

   3. Subordinate object clauses are introduced in the following ways:

   a) by means of the connectives what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever (conjunctive pronouns); when, where, how, why (conjunctive adverbs). Object clauses of this type cannot be joined asyndetically, as the opening words signal the subordinate status of the clause:

   I will do whatever I want.

   Я буду делать все, что захочу.

   Nobody noticed where he put the case.

   Никто не заметил, куда он положил дипломат.

   b) by means of the conjunctions that, whether, if:

   Time will show if you are right.

   Время покажет, прав ли ты.

   c) asyndetically:

   He said there was nothing left in the house.

   Он сказал, что в доме ничего не осталось.

   4. In general, object clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma. However, there are two exceptions:

   a) if the object clause precedes the principal clause and contains more than three words:

   Where she spent last night, I’d like to know.

   Где она провела прошлую ночь, я бы хотел знать.

   What happened then I’m not aware of.

   Что произошло после, мне не известно.

   b) if we have two or more homogeneous object clauses coordinated with each other:

   He can’t explain why he went to his ex-girlfriend’s wedding, or where he disappeared after it.

   Он не может объяснить, зачем пошел на свадьбу бывшей подруги и куда затем исчез.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find objective clauses and explain а) what part of speech and what part of the sentence each objective clause refers to; b) how objective clauses are connected with the principal clause.

   1. In a speech to employees of Caterpillar Incorporated, Mr. Bush said those who advocate a more protectionist stance in the name of saving American jobs are wrong. 2. The temptation is to say, ‘Trade may not be worth it, let’s isolate ourselves.’ 3. I know it would be a mistake for Caterpillar workers to do that. 4. I know it is a bad mistake for the country to lose our confidence and not to compete. 5. The president said the United States is the largest exporter in the world, exporting a record $1.4 trillion in goods and services in 2006. 6. He said exports now make up about 11 percent of the U.S. economy, and that level can only rise as new free-trade agreements are implemented, and new markets open to American products. 7. That means 95 percent live outside of America. 8. I think it makes sense to do so. 9. His top trade negotiator, Susan Schwab, recently met informally with other trade ministers and is expressing confidence the Doha Round of trade talks may be back on track. 10. “We just want people to treat us fairly,” he explained. 11. Mr. Bush went on to discuss other economic issues, saying once again that he intends to send Congress a spending plan next week that could balance the federal budget in five years while keeping taxes low. 12. The new survey of children with autism … shows that about 560,000 children in the United States have the condition. 13. “I’m hoping that one in 150 is alarming enough to the government and our health care providers for them to pay a lot of attention.” 14. “It actually validates what we’ve been saying all along.” 15. More money on research is needed because very little is known about possible risk factors for autism, what causes it, or even how to recognize it biologically. 16. It is known that if an autistic child is identified before the age of three, intervention is much more effective. 17. California health officials say one fifth of the state’s residents have no access to adequate health care. 18. But Schwarzenegger says spreading around the costs would actually lower them.

   Exercise 2.Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Mind there is only ONE mistake per sentence.

   1. I ventured on asked why he was in such a hurry…. 2. He says that tourists come and go, but it is up to the Dogon people to decide on how they will adapt or not in the 21 -------
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century. 3. Anyone which wants to leave early may do so. 4. At this stage it is unclear if the program makers have to intervene directly. 5. Young people agreed with Emerson that a person had the power within himself to succeed at how he tried. 6. He explains what had brought him to this corner of Mali. 7. But with their ‘never say die’ attitude, you can be sured these ghost tourists will be back again. 8. But Lawrence Mishel notes that executive profits ultimately coming out of the pockets of shareholders, workers, and consumers. 9. The symbolic timepiece measures that close mankind is to midnight, which represents total destruction of the Earth. 10. In spite of the impressive job growth figures, the Cuban-born secretary says what one of the most pressing challenges for the US to continued growth is the shortage of high-skilled workers. 11. She was awares that someone else was there. 12. And so begins her perilous adventure, stealing away every moment she can to learn why her destiny is truly at the end of the dark staircase. 13. Didn't you wonder if it never moved when the wind blew? 14. (Mummies had been shown at the Natural History Museum for many years, but for the past year they were in storage. The museum's Melinda Zeder says the public demanded their return.) Melinda Zeder: “We had a real outpouring from our fans from across not only Washington, but the country, wanting to know why we were we going to bring the mummies back.” 15. Barack Obama: “At last he is with them once more, leaving those of us who grieve his passing with the memories he gave, the good he did, the dream he kept alive, and a single, enduring image. The image of a man on a boat, white mane tousled, smiling broadly as he sails into the wind, ready at whatever storms may come, carrying on toward some new and wondrous place just beyond the horizon.”

   Exercise 3.Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.

   whether – that – what – how – when – where – what – who – why – how – if – who – who – whichever – that

   1. Gallagher says … police and National Guard troops are sometimes deployed to convince elderly people to leave their homes and come to a shelter until conditions improve. 2. Some political experts say … candidate wins two of those three states will win the election. 3. Researchers also believe that state and local air-quality regulations will have to be adjusted to take into consideration … traffic patterns affect pollution. 4. It’s a great pleasure to push towards the unknown and see … you can go beyond the borders of what we know now (Amar Bose, Chairman of the Bose Corporation). 5. He [Robert Egger, director of “DC Central Kitchen,” which prepares free meals for the hungry in Washington] says, “If you ask the average American … is hungry, they are thinking it is a homeless person.” 6. I was pleased with … the prime minister said, but it is for the broadcaster to make sure that they intervene and prevent the broadcasting of prejudices to millions of people throughout this country (Keith Vaz, Labor Party parliamentarian). 7. Watson defended the Bush administration’s decision to stay out of the Kyoto regime, arguing … its requirements would cost an estimated $400 million a year and result in the loss of nearly five million U.S. jobs. 8. Dominic Moncada from the Regional Transit Authority in New Orleans explains … more cities are turning to streetcars. 9. What we are now doing very successfully on film, we had better know how to do and understand … it comes to the new media as well (Sid Ganis, president of the motion picture academy). 10. Dr. Eric Postma has spent more than three years on … he calls “the Authentic Project.” 11. Angelopoulos says a finding will help scientists know more about the threatening solar storms and … our planet’s magnetic field works. 12. Great movies, I believe, shape … we are as Americans, in our own eyes and in the eyes of the world (California Senator Diane Feinstein). 13. It all comes from the imagination of writer-director Guillermo del Toro, who hedges his answer to the question of … the world within the labyrinth is simply Ofelia’s fantasy. 14. “Portrait of My Dead Brother” was important for the museum to acquire because it was so pertinent to understand … Dali was as an artist (Pete Tush, the Director of Education of the tour of the Salvador Dali Museum’s collection). 15. They could not imagine … he had been on such a terrible night.

   Exercise 4.Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 5.Make complex sentences with objective clauses from the sentences below.

   Examples:
   a) Brian Johnson is a police officer. The victim was abducted by her babysitter.
   Police officer Brian Johnson believes the victim was abducted by her babysitter.
   b) An economic impact report was released at the conference. The U.S. film industry generates more than 1.3 million American jobs, pumping $60.4 billion dollars into the U.S. economy.
   An economic impact report released at the conference finds that the U.S. film industry generates more than 1.3 million American jobs, pumping $60.4 billion dollars into the U.S. economy.

   1. Rock is a father of three children. His life was rough without a car for the last two years. 2. Schwartz is the organization’s executive director. In the past seven years Vehicles for Change has awarded more than 2,100 cars to low-income families in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. 3. Jason DeRavaniere works as the District Manager of the Washington Sports Club. More and more people are becoming aware of the health benefits of exercise. 4. People are realizing they do work out and they eat right, it’s been proven they’ll live longer. 5. Rad is the busy consultant. It does not have to take much time out of your schedule to go to the gym. 6. Susan Gallagher represents the private power firm Ameren in St. Louis, Missouri. 3,000 workers are out in the field now trying to restore power, giving priority to hospitals, emergency centers and places that serve as shelters for people who have been forced from their homes. 7. Professor W. James Gauderman thinks a lot about harmful effects of highway air pollution. Everybody should be alarmed about this; the real message is probably to those that are planning land use and schools, and housing developments – anywhere a child may be spending a lot of time near a busy road. 8. Senator Hillary Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced her move on her website. “I am forming a presidential exploratory committee.” 9. The National Retail Federation has published some statistics. Americans will spend on average about $120 for the holiday. 10. The U.S. Census Bureau makes calculations. 37 million Americans are living in poverty – on an income of less than $20,000 a year for a family of four, for example. 11. As Congress looks for ways to cut the federal government’s spending, advocates for the poor hold their ground. There should be no reduction in the government’s support for programs that combat poverty. 12. At Washington’s Central Union Mission, a shelter for the homeless, special projects manager Julia Smith is very concerned. Housing costs in the nation’s capital have tripled over the last five years – creating wealth for a few, but forcing many people below the poverty line. 13. There is no simple solution to ending poverty in America, but Catholic Charities U.S.A. hold a considered opinion. That task is a moral obligation for everyone. 14. Washington and most experts do not see eye to eye. The financial talks and the nuclear talks are not linked. In reality North Korea has succeeded in forcing a linkage between the two.

   Exercise 6.Give proper and full answers to the following questions.

   1. Do you know when the train for Moscow leaves? 2. Why is it difficult to decide which profession should be practiced? Is it difficult at all, in your opinion? 3. Can you forgive those near and dear to you for whatever they say in a bad temper? 4. How do you think whether it is fair to reduce the number of staff during a crisis? 5. Can we be absolutely sure that police officers are always able to make out who the real offenders are? 6. Where is it possible to find out why the electricity supply has been cut off? 7. Have you ever experienced what it feels like when you are kept in the air? 8. How often can you detect if a person is telling the truth? 9. Is it vital to be taught how a person can survive on a desert island? Why? 10. Can you tell where it is best to see the New Year in?

   Exercise 7.Compose your own complex sentences with objective clauses from the words below. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model:
   Somewhere around midnight I saw a strange illumination coming from my window; I got up, groped my way to the light and noticed how the thief I saw yesterday on TV news was hijacking my neighbors’ car.

   Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Я не понимаю, на что ты намекаешь. 2. Мои подруги приходят ко мне по выходным, чтобы поболтать о том, что произошло за неделю. 3. Джеймс всегда знает, где лучше провести отпуск и что нужно взять с собой в поездку; он же – турагент. 4. У него есть два выхода из этой ситуации: сдаться полиции или бежать. Интересно, какой вариант он предпочтет. 5. Я верю, что кто бы ни был убийцей моих родителей, будет найден и наказан в ближайшем будущем. 6. Какой бы фрукт ты не взяла, я уверен, что он тебе понравится. 7. Никто из соседей не одобряет твое поведение (того, как ты себя ведешь). 8. Я не знаю, кем ты станешь, но успешное окончание университета откроет перед тобой многие двери. 9. Покупатель настаивал на том, чтобы продавец вернул деньги за испорченный товар. 10. Вряд ли они согласятся на выдвинутые тобой условия. 11. Она вдруг заметила (осознала), что аудитория пристально смотрит на нее. 12. Студенты, изучающие китайский язык, интересуются, когда наступит год змеи по восточному календарю. 13. Сколько времени тебе понадобится, чтобы нарядится в то, чего твоя душа желает? 14. Сомневаюсь, что Том знает, кто первым совершил беспосадочный перелет через Атлантику. 15. Ученые до сих пор дискутируют по поводу того, есть ли вода на Марсе. 16. Они не были уверены, кто же из их друзей летит в Ленинград. 17. В любой ситуации Марк понимал, когда ему нужно прекратить спор и как избежать конфликта. 18. Бабушка никогда не видела, как выглядит компьютер. 19. Ты знаешь, который час? 20. Он посмеялся над тем, что я сказала, и не поверил ни единому моему слову.

   Exercise 9.Which connectives and conjunctions go with these words? Prove your point of view with examples.

   Model:
   Conjunction “That” goes with the verb “say” as in “He saidthat his boss expected him to work late that day.”

Exercise 10.Write an essay of at least 250 words, which explains the meaning of the following idiom in the story of your own: “There are no two ways about it.” Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences with objective clauses.

Attributive Clause

Theoretical Part

   1. An attributive clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the function of an attribute to the antecedent (noun or pronoun) in the principal clause. Attributive clauses are divided into relative (joined to the principal clause by means of connectives or asyndetically) and appositive (joined to the principal clause by means of conjunctions) ones.

   He knows much who knows how to hold his tongue (relative).

   Умён тот, кто умеет держать язык за зубами.

   Let every man praise the bridge he goes over (relative).

   Пусть каждый хвалит мост, которым пользуется. Не плюй в колодец, пригодится водицы напиться.

   He started his speech in the hope that she would listen.

   Он заговорил в надежде, что она выслушает.

   2. Complex sentences with attributive relative clauses may be of two patterns:

   a) restrictive (cannot be removed from a sentence without destroying its meaning). They are introduced by:
   – relative pronouns (who, whose, what, which, that, as):

   Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear.

   Не верь всему, что видишь, ни половине того, что люди говорят.

   – relative adverbs (where, when):
   The only place where I feel safe is my home.

   Once there comes the stage of life when you understand what is really important to you.

   Единственное место, где я чувствую себя в безопасности, – это мой дом.

   Однажды в жизни человека настает такой момент, когда он понимает, что на самом деле имеет для него значение.

   – asyndetically:
   The man I met yesterday is his brother-in-law.

   Мужчина, которого я встретил вчера, – его шурин.

   Note. Attributive relative restrictive clauses are never separated by commas.

   b) non-restrictive or descriptive (can be removed from a sentence without destroying its meaning; give some additional information about the antecedent). They are introduced by:

   – relative pronouns (who, which):
   Dana’s sister, who lives in London, is a teacher.

   Сестра Даны, которая живет в Лондоне, – учительница.

   – relative adverbs (where, when):
   London, where queen Elizabeth resides, is the capital of the UK.

   Лондон, где живет королева Елизавета, – столица Великобритании.

   Note. Attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are always separated by commas or dashes or brackets. However, if relative adverbs are not in between the subject and the predicate of the principal clause, the attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are not separated by commas:

   They went to discuss the matter to the kitchen where the hostess gave them a tableful of excellent food.

   Они пошли обсудить дело на кухню, где хозяйка накрыла для них стол, ломившийся от яств.

   3. Complex sentences with attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent expressed by an abstract noun and are introduced by:

   a) conjunctions (that, whether, if):

   Her strong doubts whether he would keep his promise were nagging her day and night.

   Ее глубокие сомнения по поводу того, сдержит ли он свое обещание, изводили ее днем и ночью.

   b) adverbs (how, why):

   The inmates pondered on one and the same question how they were going to escape.

   Заключенные обдумывали один и тот же вопрос, как им сбежать.

   Note. Attributive appositive clauses are rarely separated by commas.

   4. Attributive clauses starting with a preposition before connectives or conjunctions belong to the official style, while those having a preposition at the end are considered colloquial or neutral:

   This is the man I was telling you about (colloquial).

   Это тот мужчина, о котором я тебе рассказывала.

   This is the man about whom I was telling you (official)

   Это тот мужчина, о котором я говорила Вам.

   5. There also exists the continuative clause, which is a variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause and is introduced by the relative pronoun which. Its antecedent is a whole clause (not only one word):

   Kate’s parents went to the country, which was a perfect excuse for her to mix with friends all night (antecedent).

   Родители Кейт уехали в деревню, что было прекрасным поводом для ночной тусовки с друзьями.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find attributive clauses and explain а) what part of speech and what antecedent each attributive clause refers to; b) how attributive clauses are connected with the principal clause; c) which type of attributive clause is presented.

   1. Ghost tours also serve as an opportunity for those who want to share their own ghostly experiences or, like Beth Pierre, hear the stories of others. 2. It began as a promise Oprah Winfrey made to former South African President Nelson Mandela seven years ago, a pledge to build a school that would give poor girls a first class education. 3. During the same year, he met his muse and lover for life, Gala, who modeled and inspired Dali throughout the years. 4. All that’s missing, he says, is the financial commitment of an oil company. 5. I have to tell you this was one of the most dictatorial annual meetings I’ve ever seen in my life. 6. And shouldn’t we put ourselves in a position where we can sell goods and services to that 95 percent? 7. The imam’s Arabic sermon recounts the day when one of Islam’s prophets, Ibrahim, was willing to sacrifice his son for God, but then was given a sheep to sacrifice instead. 9. Each painting that is analyzed, whether it is real or fake, adds to the software’s capabilities. 10. Together with leaders of government we are setting aside one day in Washington to draw the spotlight where it rarely goes, to the starring role American film and television play in our nation’s economy – what we call ‘The Business of Show Business.’ 11. I believe that education is an open door to all life, a sustainable bridge to all that is possible. 12. It [painting] talked about very important and significant psychological dimensions of Dali’s life, which is that he did have a brother. 13. This 280 kilometer line is backed by Greece and Russia, which through Gazprom would own 51 percent of the pipeline. 14. Initially, the system is being used only on volunteers and on travelers whom officials decide require extra screening. 15. No spring nor summer beauty hath such grace as I have seen in one autumnal face (John Donne). 16. He was a marvelous lecturer in, not only that he could cover the entire length of technical detail, but also surround that with anecdotes and stories that really let you see the big picture about engineering and how you should pursue ideas. 17. There is something about the optimism of American movies that is so inspiring in every single country. 18. There are a whole variety of reasons why somebody would actually abduct the child.

   Exercise 2.Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Mind there is only ONE mistake per sentence.

   1. We’re going to be constantly watched and monitored, which is might not sound a good thing, but I feel that’s going to be the case. 2. Too many things I have heard about and people telling me things that they have seen them or experienced and I know that these people aren’t crazy. 3. Dali himself best captured the extent in to which his artistic passion goes when he said, “I am painting pictures which make me die for joy…” 4. The pipeline that get built first is going to win. 5. … and there’s the way why the hooves stomp around and kick up dust. 6. It is a non-profit organization that to repairs and provides donated vehicles to low-income families at a minimal price to help them stay employed. 7. … they identify the folks for us whose would get a car. 8. Red is an advertising consultant and, like many people, is in a position that has him had behind a desk for most of the day. 9. It gives you more energy, makes you feel healthier, and lets you eat more of the food how you want to eat without feeling guilty. 10. Seven Mexican nationals died on an icy road in western Oklahoma when the van they were in there was hit head-on by a large truck. 11. The biggest issue is particularly elderly people who does not want to leave their homes. 12. He confounded it in October 1999 with an auto parts distribution company that it is no longer in business. 13. Internationally, there are two major conventions that apply themselves to the wildlife trade: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, commonly known as CITES; and the Convention on Biological Diversity. 14. She says 3,000 line workers are out in the field now trying to restore power, giving priority to hospitals, emergency centers and places that served as shelters for people who been forced from their homes. 15. … she mentioned several domestic issues, including healthcare, an issue she concentrated at during her first time as First Lady in the 1990s.

   Exercise 3.Peruse the given abstract and select the word from the box below that best completes each sentence.

   where     that     that     where     who    where    that   who

   where     that     if     who     where   which   that

   Pan’s Labyrinth: Child’s Fairy Tale Provide Refuge in War

   1. “It is an ancient labyrinth” the housekeeper explains to young Ofelia … has wandered off and discovered the overgrown stone gate. 2. Her mother is too sound asleep to see the tiny fairy … alights on Ofelia’s shoulder. 3. Something beckons and she follows … into the labyrinth … a stone staircase has appeared. 4. She tiptoes down as it spirals into a deep chamber …, to her amazement, she finds herself face to face with a creature – half man, half goat. 5. “I have been known by many names,” he answers in an ancient, forgotten accent, “names … are remembered only by the trees.” 6. It all comes from the imagination of writer-director Guillermo del Toro, … hedges his answer to the question of whether the world within the labyrinth is simply Ofelia’s fantasy. 7. If I made it a happy ‘singing chipmunk, bluebird singing’ kind of place then, yes, you could say she escapes to that; but she’s actually finding a place … she can deal with the realities outside and within herself. 8. You can see the toughness of the civil war and the fantasy, … are two separate worlds. 9. Ofelia reads from the magical book … the faun gave her: “use the chalk to draw a doorway on the wall of your room.” 10. Beyond that doorway is one of the three dangerous tasks … he has set for her to prove that she is worthy to rejoin her father at the throne of the underworld. 11. The thing about ‘Pan’ was that we have the goat image to go with on that, so (director) Guillermo del Toro said it would be a good thing … I had a look at farm animals to see how their hind quarters move and the things like that. 12. There are a couple of times in the movie … you can see I do a kind of shudder … works its way up my back. 13. Jones also plays the ‘pale man’ … menaces Ofelia on one of her fantastic adventures. 14. I think this is a very intimate moment of humanity … we need to concern ourselves with this sort of spiritual questions.

   Exercise 4.Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 5.Make complex sentences with attributive clauses from the sentences below.

   Examples:

   Greg’s sister is a police officer. She is fond of comedies.
   Greg’s sister, who is a police officer, is fond of comedies.

   The only building founded here in 201 was an old church.
   The only building that was founded here in 201 was an old church.

   1. … we are a little naïve about the vast amount of information gathered about us today. 2. Can you give us any examples of future technology used to gather information about people? 3. … the information held within the phone can identify you, it can identify the types of things you’re interested in or maybe the type of coffee you like in the morning when you go to the café bar on your way to work. 4. One of the things I would like to talk about is the graffiti scene emerging and been emerging in Barcelona. 5. Winfrey referred repeatedly to her own impoverished childhood. She said the student’s stories are her own story and the opening of the school was the culmination of a lifelong dream. 6. The organizations that monitor the game population are now changing the rules to prohibit the use of certain technologies to make hunters rely more on what they used to rely on in the past – skill and woods craft. 7. Born on May 11, 1904 in the town of Figueres, Spain, Salvador Dali loved his picturesque hometown. It was the frequent subject of his painting. 8. We looked at 155 of our recipients. A survey shows 75 percent of them had found a better job with an average salary increase of over $4,800 a year. 9. We can begin to tell radio stations streaming online what we like and what we don’t like. 10. People like to bow hunt. They are more interested in getting closer to the animal and the techniques involved in the hunt. 11. Road crews are loading trucks with sand and anti-freeze chemicals. They will apply them to icy roadways as needed in the hours ahead. 12. It is going to help me with transportation, getting back and forth to work, and with my family chores I need to get done and taking my son to basketball practices, swimming lessons. 13. Ivan Smith – another Baltimore man – is getting a car. 14. There is no other country allowed 46 or 47 million people to be uninsured.

   Exercise 6.Find the clauses and define their types (subject, predicative, object, attributive). Support your choice with relevant arguments.

   1. People need to realize that the face of hunger is a single woman, raising two kids, who has a job. 2. Professor W. James Gauderman says it can be hazardous for children who live and play close to the highway. 3. What these middle-aged men are doing is they are all shaving their heads and donning things like lime green jackets. 4. For these young adults, it is a great way to find love with someone who shares their heritage. 5. What makes it possible for Rock and Smith to have such confidence is a program called Vehicles for Change. 6. I suppose the whole point is that you can’t really switch your cell phone off. 7. Dali was outspoken, making outlandish statements, such as none of his teachers were competent enough to give him exams, which had him expelled from the San Fernando School of Fine Arts in 1926. 8. People can get married here in shopping malls that were built a few years ago. 9. What this bill would do would be to allow states to subsidize people through small businesses, and pay some of the premiums, and to improve public systems, such as Medicaid. 10. Winfrey hopes the school will change the way women are perceived in South Africa and that the young girls educated here will go on to be their country’s future leaders. 11. That same picturesque geography and sense of a separate world is what brings thousands of tourists to Dogon villages every year. 12. As Congress looks for ways to cut the federal government’s spending, advocates for the poor say, there should be no reduction in the government’s support for programs that combat poverty. 13. With their ‘never say die’ attitude, you can be sure these ghost tourists will be back again. 14. Cos-cha is one of the so-called “made cafes” where waitresses dress in scanty black maid’s outfits with white aprons, black net stockings and lacy white headbands. 15. People are too busy with paying jobs to perform the maintenance, she says.

   Exercise 7.Give proper and full answers to the following questions.

   1. Who was the first to shoot a movie? 2. Which is the highest mountain peak in Asia? 3. Whose prophecy was not believed in until Atlantis had sunk? 4. What do you call a process when the force of attraction moves bodies towards the centre of a celestial body? 5. Has there ever been a moment in your life when you longed for something? 6. Have you ever danced such a dance as Latino Americans perform? 7. Have you ever been to the places where famous people have lived, eaten or slept? 8. Do you feel resentment that nobody wants to talk to you? 10. Can you name any reasons why people are happy or sad?

   Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Гурия – маленькая девочка с темными глазами, которая лежит в тени своего дома на кровати, сделанной из веревок, и ждет, когда папа вернется с работы. 2. Гурия не может ни говорить, ни ходить. Ее кисти – если их так можно назвать – согнуты и дрожат. 3. Ее отец зарабатывает гроши и говорит, что он сделает все, что в его силах, для Гурии, пока он жив. 4. Во многом, соседская девочка такая же, как и Гурия, если не учитывать тот факт, что она выглядит так, как будто страдает от боли. 5. Многие дети в деревне Джадугуда находятся в подобном состоянии. Государственная корпорация, несущая ответственность за громадный уранодобывающий комплекс, который занимает бóльшую часть деревни, настаивает на своей непричастности. 6. Среди деревьев есть придорожная святыня в честь богини Ранкини, местного божества, чье провидение (realm) распространяется лишь на Джадугуду. 7. Люди, живущие в деревне, уповают на свою богиню – или на знахарей. 8. С возвышенности святыни открывается широкий обзор и можно увидеть жителей деревни, копающихся в самодельном колодце в поисках воды. 9. В каждом ведре, которое они достают на поверхность, вязкая грязь. 10. Неподалеку находится плотина, за которой лежат миллионы тонн шлама и отходов из урановых шахт. 11. А в реке, которая протекает через Джадугуду, видно, как жители деревни моют овощи. 12. Выше по течению вода из реки смешивается с грязным стоком добывающего рудника, у которого не установлено никаких знаков, предупреждающих о загрязнении. 13. Точно также нет знаков и на грузовиках, вывозящих урановую руду с рудников или ввозящих ядерные отходы со всей Индии на захоронение. 14. В далекий 1998 год, когда Индия заявила об успешном тестировании термоядерной установки в пустынях северо-западной части страны, люди, проживающие в Джадугуде, выходили на улицы, чтобы отпраздновать эту новость. 15. Ведь Джадугуда, в которой нет туристических достопримечательностей, производит уран для всей Индии. 16. Многие в деревне, кто гордился ядерными достижениями своей страны, теперь говорят, что пора стране начать делать больше для них; предоставить должное медицинское обслуживание и компенсационные выплаты. 17. Люди подозрительно относятся к чужакам, которые постоянно задают вопросы. 18. Опрос показал, что приблизительно у одной из пяти женщин, живущих рядом с рудником, за последние пять лет произошел выкидыш либо мертворождение. 19. В судебном производстве, инициированном местными активистами против UCIL – дочерней компании Министерства ядерной энергетики и правительства Индии, – было отказано после того, как компания инсинуировала, что причиной всему явились низкая санитарная культура, питание и злоупотребление алкоголем. 20. Поэтому теперь можно встретить много таких детей, как мальчик, чинящий велосипеды, на которых он никогда не сможет прокатиться – потому что в возрасте 9 лет его ноги внезапно начали изгибаться и ломаться.

   Exercise 9.Compose your own complex sentences with attributive clauses from the words below. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model:

   It is not what he says that annoys me but the way in which he says it.

   Exercise 10.Compose a short story to which one of the given proverbs will make a heading. Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences with different attributive clauses.

   1 A man is known by the company he keeps.
   2 Better the devil you know than the devil you don’t know.
   3 Drive the nail that will go.
   4 He that is full of himself is very empty.
   5 Everything comes to him who waits.
   6 It is a long lane that has no turning.
   7 Money often unmakes the men who make it.
   8 None so deaf as those that won’t hear.
   9 That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass.
   10 The mill cannot grind with the water that is past.

Adverbial Clause

Theoretical Part

   1. An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverbial modifier of the main clause. Adverbial clauses qualify the action, the process, the state expressed in the main clause (time, cause, manner, etc.).

   Whenever I meet Amanda, she is always cheerful as a lark.
   When is Amanda cheerful as a lark? – Whenever I meet her.

   Когда бы я ни встретила Аманду, она всегда жизнерадостна и весела.
   Когда Аманда жизнерадостна и весела? – Когда бы я ни встретила ее.

   2. According to their meaning we distinguish the following types of adverbial clauses: time clauses, conditional clauses, purpose clauses, reason clauses, result clauses, concessive clauses, place clauses, clauses of manner and clauses of comparison.

3. The Adverbial Clause can be connected to the main clause in two ways:
a) by using conjunctions and connectives

   b) asyndetically

   Had we checked the equipment carefully, I’m sure the experiment would have been successful.

   Если бы мы тщательно проверили оборудование, я уверен, что эксперимент бы удался.

   4. It should be pointed out that a number of conjunctions are homonymous with prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns.

   I haven't heard from him since we left school (a conjunction).

   Я не получал от него известий с тех пор, как мы закончили школу.

   Everything has changed since that time (a preposition).

   Все изменилось с того времени.

   The child had his last meal three hours ago and hasn’t had anything to eat since (an adverb).

   Ребенок поел в последний раз три часа назад и с тех пор ничего не ел.

   5. When an adverb clause begins the sentence, a comma is used to separate the two clauses. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence, there is no need for a comma.

   Because attitudes shape behavior, psychologists want to find out how opinions are formed.

   Потому что отношения формируют поведение, психологи хотят выяснить, как формируются мнения.

   Astronomers do not have sufficient information to determine when the solar system was created.

   У астрономов недостаточно информации, чтобы установить, когда была создана Солнечная система.

Language Focus

   Exercise 1.In the following sentences find adverbial clauses and define its type.

   The Smithsonian’s National Zoo in Washington D.C.

   1. A new kind of animal-themed attraction has captivated visitors since The Smithsonian’s National Zoo was opened this past November. 2. In spite of the fact that the zoo's Speedwell Foundation Conservation Carousel looks like any ordinary merry-go-round, it is special in two ways. 3. First, it's solar powered; one of only two carousels in the world which run on sunlight. 4. Chuck Fillah, the zoo’s associate director of planning, says the idea of solar power came about because the zoo wanted to send a message about conservation. 5. She pointed at the rooftop where they had installed 162 solar panels. 6. “Each one generates so many watts of electricity,” says Fillah, “that the power generated during the day by the sun runs the carousel.” 7. Excess energy captured by the solar panels is routed to the zoo’s grid so that it can power lights for the buildings and animal exhibits. 8. “I think it’s great that it’s solar-powered as it shows that you don’t need all this technology to have a fun ride,” says one of the young visitors. 9. The carousel's other special feature is the 56 hand-carved and painted figures that represent creatures living in exhibits at the zoo or at its research facility. 10. Chuck Fillah says they put the animals together in grasslands, oceans, desert and forest as if they were in their usual habitats.” 11. “I think that will be really cool if it brings awareness to the animals,” says Fiona, another young visitor. 12. “And we get to see what animals are endangered and maybe we can look in a little deeper and see how we can help those animals.” 13. Although children are enjoying themselves, they are, nevertheless, learning what the conservation message is all about. 14. When they go away they may be thinking about something they learned here.

   Exercise 2.Peruse the given statements and choose the correct subordinating conjunction to fill the space at the beginning of the adverb clause.

   provided that     in spite of the fact that     so that     since

   due to the fact that     because     for     when     such…that     as

   until     if     although     like     where

   1. … the World Health Organization has stated, an estimated 10 percent of people in Sierra Leone are living with a disability. 2. … Sheka Conteh saw the police were hiring disabled people, he jumped at the opportunity to apply. 3. … he is a disabled person, it has been a challenging journey for him to find employment. 4. “I've faced a lot of discrimination, but I've started to see positive changes, … it is now minimizing, especially in areas of employment,” he said. 5. Francis Munu, the inspector general of the Sierra Leone police, says, … the Disability Act was passed in 2011, providing employment for those with disabilities has become a priority for the police force. 6. He says they need to engage people and communities … people can have trust and confidence in the police. 7. “Those with disabilities bring … a different face to the job … people understand that policing is not just about using force all the time,” he explained. 8. … none of the disabled officers are currently working on the street that could happen in the future, says Munu. 9. “We are going to develop our plans … we change the way people perceive disability issues and even the way disabled perceive themselves. 10. So … they see some of their colleagues being gainfully employed, then they are also motivated to work hard at school and try to invest in themselves,” he said. 11. … police force hirings are a step in the right direction, more needs to be done. 12. Kabba Franklyne Bangura, president of the Sierra Leone union on disability issues, hopes things will now start to move at a quicker pace … 95 percent of those with disabilities in Sierra Leone are unemployed. 13. … the disabled are given the opportunity, they can make progress in any job sector … they are qualified to work. 14. “The advice I can give is any opportunity that comes their way, let them grab it and make good use of it … I have done,” Shekah Conteh says.

   Exercise 3.Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

   Exercise 4. Read the following sentences and say whether the words in bold are conjunctions, prepositions or adverbs.

   1. I shall not go unless the weather is fine. 2. When we first met, we had a row, and we have rowed frequently ever since. 3. The words tumbled out so fast that I could barely hear them. 4. She is responsible for the efficient running of their department. 6. Where people were concerned, his threshold of boredom was low. 7. As she grew older, she kept more to herself. 8. The problem was finally, though not conclusively, identified as a severely pinched nerve. 9. She had a sort of breakdown some years ago, and since then she has been very shy. 10. He felt guilty, for he knew that he bore a share of responsibility for Fanny's death. 11. Just where is all this leading us? 12. As bad money drives out good, so does bad art drive out the good. 13. I like him. Though he makes me angry sometimes. 14. They say nothing unless a mere “yes, Sir” or “no, Madam”. 15. People began looking across to see where the noise was coming from. 16. Delegates were delighted, since better protection of rhino reserves will help protect other rare species. 17. She has suffered from depression since she was sixteen. 18. This is no party question, for it touches us not as Liberals or Conservatives, but as citizens. 19. You will be informed of its progress, slow though that may be. 20. It tasted as grape juice but not as sweet.

   Exercise 5.In most of the lines in the following text, there is an unnecessary word. For questions 1-26, find the unnecessary words and write them on the lines provided. If you think a line contains no unnecessary word, put a tick (√) next to it.

   Exercise 6. Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Mind there is only ONE mistake per sentence.

   1. It was until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. 2. I couldn’t think of a single thing to say before he'd replied like that. 3. There was so a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up with his studies. 4. We want to visit a place where is celebrating the New Year. 5. I will let you use my data in condition that you acknowledge my project in your bibliography. 6. Because the number of families with access to the Internet has risen sharply in the past decade, what tends to be overlooked is that many households can’t afford the fees for this service. 7. His dog follows after him where he goes. 8. Due to the server crashed, the web site was unavailable and the company lost a lot of money. 9. Though the Constitution was signed, Delaware became the first state to ratify it. 10. The green leaves of the banana trees are as thick that the sunlight cannot pass through. 11. If they acknowledge the benefits of learning English for employment purposes, many scholars are concerned that some students learn English at the expense of their first language. 12. As one person intentionally takes the property of another without legal justification, the crime is called theft. 13. In spite of the fact that it discourages their children from socializing and sleeping, some parents are quite wary of having a computer at home. 14. Some people report that they feel “naked” as if they forget their phones at home. 15. Since it is very popular, many older people do not know how to use the Internet. 16. There were so many books on the subject that Cindy didn’t know what to begin. 17. It is very difficult to stop the cultivation of marijuana when it grows well with little care.

   Exercise 7.Finish the following main clauses so that you can give proper and full answers to the following questions.

   1. You wouldn’t have so many accidents … (Under what conditions?). 2. It was a mistake to go out without an umbrella … (Why?). 3. Some teens are using words that used to be found only in text-messages, such as, LOL, BRB, … (When?). 4. Her new dress fitted her … (In what way?). 5. It was such an interesting match … (What is the result of the action?). 6. The farmers managed to gather a bumper crop of corn … (Why was this unexpected?). 7. Alison smoked thirty cigarettes a day … (What is the result of the action?). 8. They think that my youngest brother’s a layabout … (What is the reason for thinking so?). 9. I didn’t start learning a foreign language … (Till what time?). 10. (What prevented us from doing this?) …, we would have invested our money in the stock market last year. 11. Susan is working very hard for her final exams at school … (For what purpose?). 12. She put the shirt back on its place … (What caused this?). 13. I didn’t get the job I applied for in Barcelona … (Why did it happen?). 14. Many citizens are dissatisfied with the government … (How long?). 15. He said he was happy (In what place?). 16. Johan can speak English … (How?). 17. She wiped her face with the back of her hand and looked … (Where?). 18. I wouldn't eat fish … (Unless what?). 19. (Why is this surprising?) …, camping trailers are smaller and more compact than travel trailers. 20. It is such a beautiful day today … (What are the consequences of the situation?).

   Exercise 8.Use each of the complex sentences below as the model for a new sentence of your own. Ask your group to translate them.

   Model:

   Whenever I look at a mountain, I expect it to turn into a volcano.
   Whenever I bite into an apple, I expect a worm to crawl out any minute.

   1. They make allegations which, when you analyse them, do not have too many facts behind them. 2. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep. 3. Before the 1700s, when children worked together with adults, childhood as we know it did not exist. 4. While he was working as a clerk, Edison spent much of his time studying the stock ticker. 5. Although the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish – it's a mammal. 6. Due to the fact that the server crashed, the web site was unavailable and the company lost a lot of money. 7. If the government increased the basic rate of income tax to 50%, the public would be outraged. 8. Many people prefer a PDA to a desk computer in spite of the fact that the screen size is very small. 9. Many students opt for practical subjects at university because they believe that these courses offer better career prospects. 10. The air whistled around me as I ran down the dark street. 11. Even though he wasn't feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the inter-university athletics meet. 12. The five-cent coin looks very Canadian since it has a picture of a beaver on it. 13. The company conducted a detailed survey in order that it can gauge its clients’ views. 14. I am prepared to extend the deadline for the assignment provided that you have a valid reason. 15. Since the first pair of pants did not fit properly, he asked for another pair. 16. There were so many people trying to leave the burning building that the police had a great deal of trouble controlling them. 17. John behaved ungentlemanly at the competition with the result that he was ostracized by the other members of the country club.

   Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

   1. Он выглядел бодрым, несмотря на то, что провел бессонную ночь. 2. Она говорит о Париже так, как будто была там лично. 3. У них была такая свирепая собака, что никто не осмеливался пройти мимо их дома. 4. Он сказала нам сесть на заднее сидение машины, чтобы мы могли поговорить. 5. После того как члены жюри выслушали свидетельские показания, они вынесли приговор. 6. Пока они были в отпуске, они позволили своей почте накапливаться в почтовом отделении. 7. Она была в шубе, хотя день был очень тёплый. 8. Мне пришлось на время остановиться, так как я уже не мог следить за дорогой. 9. Когда им сказали, сколько будет стоить поездка, они решили остаться дома. 10. Ты не знаешь, чего ты можешь достичь, пока не попытаешься сделать это. 11. У него такой голос, как будто у него ангина. 12. Студентам нравился курс профессора, потому что он практически не задавал домашнего задания. 13. Как только кальций вступает в контакт с водой, он сразу образует гидроокись. 14. Люди на вечеринке беспокоились о Джанет, потому что никто не знал, куда она ушла. 15. Ларри был так поглощен своим романом, что забыл про обед, который готовился на плите. 16. Ничто не могло стереть из памяти людей жестокость их бывшего лидера, несмотря на то, что уже прошло много лет. 17. Хотя авиакомпания увеличила стоимость авиабилетов, многие люди все же предпочитают летать на самолетах. 18. Мой брат сейчас в отпуске в Крыму, мне бы хотелось, чтобы он был здесь и помог мне отремонтировать машину. 19. Наш учитель химии так объяснил эксперимент, что сразу стало понятно. 20. Он не может получить эту работу, пока у него нет пятилетнего стажа вождения автомобиля.

   Exercise 10. Rewritethe following text turning the given sentences into complex sentences, each with an adverbial clause. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.

   Model:

   Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as ALS, is a rare but devastating neuromuscular condition with no known cure which is nearly always fatal.
   Though amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as ALS, is a rare disease, it is still a devastating neuromuscular condition. Moreover it is nearly always fatal because there is no known cure for it.

   Eating Colorful Produce May Help Prevent ALS

   Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as ALS, is a rare but devastating neuromuscular condition with no known cure which is nearly always fatal. However, a new study in the Annals of Neurology suggests preventing the paralyzing disease might be as simple as eating a diet of brightly-colored fruits and vegetables. ALS is believed to result, in part, from damage to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. For reasons not fully understood, corrosive oxygen molecules, called free radicals, overwhelm the body's cell maintenance and repair systems, inflicting irreversible damage on the nerve cells, causing progressive, and eventually total, paralysis. Eating brightly-colored fruit and vegetables, such as red peppers, carrots and kale, which are rich in anti-oxidants, may head off or slow the development of ALS, according to Alberto Ascherio, professor of nutrition at Harvard University's School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts.
   Bright red, orange and green produce contains natural compounds known as carotinoids, in particular beta-carotene and lutein, which are known to counter the harmful effects of oxidative stress. “So, if it is true that carotinoids could reduce the risk, there is the possibility that it could also slow the disease process in people who have the disease; we don’t know that yet,” Ascherio says. “But we are trying to find clues about things that may help people with the disease.” Ascherio and his colleagues analyzed data on one million people who took part in five large studies which tracked changes in their health as they aged. Information on the volunteers came from the National Institutes of Health’s Diet and Health study, the Cancer Prevention Study, the Multi-ethnic Cohort, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and the Nurses’ Health Study.
   About 1,000 of the participants eventually developed ALS. “We found that the group of people with the highest level of carotenoid intake had about a 25 percent lower risk of developing and dying of ALS,” Ascherio says. Researchers also found that study participants who consumed the most carotenoid-rich foods tended to exercise more and eat foods containing a lot of vitamins C and E. However, investigators found that those vitamins did not reduce the risk of ALS.
   ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, after the famed American baseball player who was diagnosed with the disease in 1939.

   Exercise 11.Also, try writing your own complex sentences using different subordinating conjunctions. For additional practice, use new vocabulary from a recent class.

   Exercise 12.Make up a story that can be finished with the following proverb: “While there is life there is hope.” Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences with adverbial clauses.

Answer Key

   Compound Sentence

   Exercise 1.

   3. Ulysses wants to play for UConn Huskies, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. 4. My grandmother has stayed up late four nights in a row; as a result, she cannot seem to get well. 5. Harold wants the Boston Red Sox to win the World Series, yet his favorite team is the Baltimore Orioles. 6. The union leaders wanted to strike, for the union members were not being paid a living wage. 7. Your resume looks quite promising, so we are anxious to hire you. 8. The President’s recommendation called for a tax increase; very few senators will vote for it. 10. Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate. 13. Florida has not yet ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, and neither have several other states. 14. She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however she did not have much sugar.

   Exercise 2.

   1g, 2c, 3j, 4a, 5c, 6i, 7b, 8d, 9f, 10

   Exercise 3.

   Addition: in addition, furthermore, likewise, additionally, also, incidentally, similarly
   Contrast: however, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, on the other hand, conversely, instead
   Comparison: similarly, likewise, at the same time, comparatively
   Exemplification: for example, for instance, namely, that is
   Intensification: indeed, in fact, moreover, still, certainly, notably, undoubtedly
   Result: therefore, consequently, then, accordingly, henceforth, subsequently, as a result
   Time: meanwhile, then, next, finally, now, thereafter

   Exercise 4.

   1. She must have been tired, for she fell asleep the moment she inclined her head. 2. Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1656, and his possessions were sold. 3. They have waited very patiently; finally the day has arrived. 4. At this restaurant, patrons order food a la carte, or they buy a complete dinner. 5. I want to own my own company; moreover, I want to pay all my workers a lot of money. 6. I have paid all of the dues; as a result, I expect to receive all the privileges listed in the bylaws. 7. Everyone knows how to talk, but hardly anyone knows what to say. 8. I telephoned at least ten times yesterday; however, the line was never free. 9. Jane is a conservative; nevertheless, she voted for a liberal Democrat in the last election. 10. You should put antifreeze in your car’s radiator each fall; otherwise, your radiator might freeze and ruin your car’s engine. 11. Oscar does not study or get enough sleep; consequently, he will probably do poorly in school. 12. Fatty foods are high in calories; for instance, butter contains 108 calories per tablespoon. 13. She saw a cat run in front of her, so she fell down while roller-skating. 14. The raging forest fires consumed much of the timberland; furthermore, they threatened the houses of the people living near the forests.

   Exercise 5.
   1. Mark did very well on his job interview, but / however / nevertheless / yet he didn’t get the position. 2. We thought we might go to see a film in addition / additionally / also / furthermore we might have dinner out. We thought we might go to see a film or / instead / on the other hand we might have dinner out. We thought we might either go to see a film or we might have dinner out. We thought we might both go to see a film and we might have dinner out. We thought we might go to see a film then / next / thereafter we might have dinner out. 3. The dictionary contains definitions of words; moreover / in addition / at the same time it contains a great deal of other information. 4. Some animals are endangered; therefore / consequently / subsequently / as a result, many people are working to protect them. 5. I have studied German for many years; therefore / consequently / subsequently / as a result, my German-speaking friends can chat easily with me now. I have studied German for many years; finally / now my German-speaking friends can chat easily with me. 6. The doctors looked at the x-rays; then / finally / now they decided to operate on the patient. The doctors looked at the x-rays; consequently / nevertheless / undoubtedly / yet, they decided to operate on the patient. 7. John invested a lot of money in the business; yet / however / nevertheless / thereafter, the business went bankrupt. 8. We needed some food for the week; so / subsequently / therefore / thus, we went to the supermarket. 9. Janet doesn’t like sushi [’su:ʃɪ]: she doesn’t like any kind of fish. Janet doesn’t like sushi; similarly / likewise she doesn’t like any kind of fish. Janet neither likes sushi nor does she like any kind of fish. Janet doesn’t like any kind of fish; therefore / so / subsequently / as a result, she doesn’t like sushi. 10. The students didn’t prepare for the test: they didn’t realize how important it was. The students didn’t realize how important the test was; therefore / consequently / subsequently / as a result, they didn’t prepare for it. 11. You are quite intelligent; however / nevertheless / on the contrary / on the other hand / conversely, you don‟t think before you act. 12. Peter doesn’t need to buy a new car; he also doesn’t need to go on vacation. Peter doesn’t need to buy a new car; in addition / furthermore / likewise / additionally / also / similarly, he doesn’t need to go on vacation. Peter neither needs to buy a new car nor does he need to go on vacation. 13. The library is a quiet place to study; still / yet / however / nevertheless, many students prefer to study at home. 14. We wanted to visit our friends, but / however / still we didn’t have enough money to get a flight. 15. Mary thinks she should go to school: she wants to get qualifications for a new profession. Mary wants to get qualifications for a new profession; therefore / consequently / subsequently / as a result, she thinks she should go to school. 16. The dangers of smoking are well known however / nevertheless / yet many people continue to smoke. 17. Angela said she might buy him a watch, or she might give him a gift certificate. Angela said she might both buy him a watch, and she might give him a gift certificate. Angela said she might buy him a watch, in addition / furthermore / additionally she might give him a gift certificate. 18. He must have lost his key; therefore / consequently / subsequently / as a result, he knocked on the door for us to let him in. He must have lost his key; in fact, he knocked on the door for us to let him in. He must have lost his key; otherwise, he wouldn‟t have knocked on the door for us to let him in. 19. Wear your seatbelt; otherwise, you might be injured.

   Exercise 6.

   Exercise 7.

   1. Some readers contribute funds to private libraries; these readers use the library without charge. 2. The power failed for the third time that day, and once again we sat in darkness. 3. The handwriting was almost illegible; the spelling was very poor throughout the paper. 4. The ancient spirit is not dead; old times are still breathing; there is still strength and dignity in life. 5. You have to write that paper tonight or you will almost certainly lose points for turning it in late. 6. Most house plants prefer lots of sun and plenty of water; others like shade. 7. I have been in the meadows all day, and I have gathered there these beautiful flowers. 8. He did not take the money, for it was not the right thing to do. 9. Debby left home early but she wasn't able to make it to her class on time because the buses were running late. 10. Some say that all of us want change jobs about every ten years; meanwhile, we should make the best of our present employment. 11. It was still cold but the rain had stopped. 12. Lewis had been well trained by scientists in Philadelphia, and he was a curious man by nature. 13. Mike has a talent for fixing bicycles; likewise, his brother is very proficient at building motorcycles. 14. My daughter wants to be a computer programmer, so she spends all her spare time on the computer. 15. Linda wanted to see Chinatown, yet her husband chose Granville Island. 16. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark, so they decided to camp for the night. 17. The dog came rushing in so the cat ran upstairs.

   Exercise 9.

   1. Do you want to take the children to the zoo, or would it be wiser to go to the park? 2. We won't be able to visit our friends, nor will they be able to visit us this summer. 3. We studied many hours for the test, but we didn't pass it. 4. They stayed home for the holiday, for they had to work. 5. My friends Ann and Peter have just moved into a new flat, and they’ve made many changes in its appearance. 6. Your son can study music next year, or he can study drama instead. 7. A datebook helps people stay organized, so you should consider using one. 8. It rained heavily during the afternoon, but we managed to have our picnic anyway. 9. The tourists spent a mint of money on the tickets, or they would not see the show. 10. Let’s go to the river, for it’s hot inside the house. 11. I wanted to buy a toy terrier puppy, so I started to save my money. 12. This child has starred in many films, though he isn’t five yet. 13. We finished eating dinner, and then the children cleared the table. 14. Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then. 15. I will be glad to help you; besides, I love to cook. 16. I love walking on the beach; furthermore, I hope to live close to the ocean some day. 17. September has its own unique character; it is both a beginning and an end. 18. Many teenagers know more about computers than their parents; in fact, they often end up teaching adults how to use the Internet. 19. The computer crashed, so I lost all the assignments to the workshop. 20. Climate change involves sudden changes in temperature, and plants often cannot stand up to that pressure.

   Subject Clause

   Exercise 1.

   1. Being the first woman president of Harvard 2. Her mother 3. that probably I would marry and be a wife and mother. 4. That Faust's mother didn't live to witness her daughter’s success 5. That the cost of an education at the elite private university does not prohibit talented applicants from attending 6. there 7. American higher education 8. What they wanted to talk with me about 9. To become president of an Ivy League university 10. that education should prepare people for a lifetime, not just a single career. 11. What they saw as characteristic of American higher education 12. Faust’s responsibilities as president of Harvard 13. She 14. Her mother.

   Exercise 2.

   Exercise 3.

   1. Why 2. When 3. that 4. If 5. Whatever 6. how 7. Who 8. Whoever 9. How 10. That 11. What 12. That 13. Because 14. That.

   Exercise 4.

   1f, 2i, 3a, 4c, 5h, 6b, 7j, 8d, 9e, 10g

   Exercise 5.

   1. hear 2. form 3. will prove 4. are 5. will bring 6. is 7. have 8. enter 9. will involve 10. don’t 11. will yield 12. will retrieve 13. goes 14. don’t.

   Exercise 6.

   1. Because the red clover is high in protein content makes it an extremely important leguminous hay and pasture plant of the eastern United States. 2. That unlike most Europeans, many Americans are used to eating bacon and eggs for breakfast every day is remarkable. 3. That the financial manager ought to find the best interest rates available makes him shop around among the many sources of finance. 4. That all matter has kinetic energy because of its motion and mass is an axiomatic assumption in physics. 5. That gardeners transplant bushes and flowers by moving them from one place to another is a well-known fact. 6. Why fruit flies do not have to leap to take off has been established by the scientists lately. 7. When Eskimos migrated from Alaska to Greenland in two great movements is postulated by historians. 8. Whoever goes to the Olympic Games is hoping to be entertained by world-class sports. 9. What Charles Kettering patented in 1911 was the first successful spark-based starter for automotive vehicles. 10. It surprises me that the planet Mercury rotates more slowly than any other planet except Venus. 11. How much information can be retained in short-term memory depends almost exclusively on how it is arranged. 12. It is indisputable that educational toys and games give children an opportunity to enjoy themselves. 13. Whatever is used in ambiguous contexts in children's poetry and rhymes results in humorous misunderstandings. 14. It is crucial that water fire extinguishers must never be used for fires that involve electrical equipment.

   Exercise 9.

   1. That nobody has spoken about it, but everybody knows everything, is strange. 2. It is evident that you can’t make a child learn well by scolding him all the time. 3. Doesn’t it seem suspicious to you that he hasn’t written a line since then? 4. What’s worrying me now is the state of my mother’s health. 5. Whether there is life on other planets of our galaxy is still not known. 6. How the book will sell depends on its plot and the author. 7. That lightning is nothing else but an electric spark has long been known. 8. It is crystal clear that friends should keep together in different circumstances. 9. Who saved the life of a drowning girl remained unknown. 10. It is doubtful whether the payment is strictly legal. 11. That you may meet them on your way to the university is quite possible. 12. What she wanted was that he would tell her how much he loved her. 13. Whether he fabricated this story from beginning to end is still to be proved. 14. When this apple-tree will bring bear fruits is hard to say. 15. It is important that the letter should be sent today. 16. That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock. 17. Why the nuclear reactor burst is not clear to anyone. 18. If they will agree that the rent will be paid next week is not yet known. 19. It is uncertain when the medicine for cancer will be created. 20. How rapidly bacteria can multiply under favorable conditions surprises most people.

   Predicative Clause

   Exercise 2.

   Exercise 3.

   1. as if 2. that 3. whether 4. where 5. how 6. when 7. that 8. why 9. what 10. when 11. where 12. which 13. if 14. how 15. who.

   Exercise 4.

   1-e, 2-a, 3-f, 4-g, 5-i, 6-h, 7-d, 8-b, 9-c.

   Exercise 5.

   1. Still not a very common situation is that a growing number of Kenyans get tattoos. 2. The predictability is what the older generation thinks about this skin taint. 3. A lot of Kenyan mothers would frown upon hearing that some people thought a tattoo was what they really needed. 4. In the past the attitude to the people who had tattoos was that they were considered very bad and accused of having an unpleasant character. 5. Nowadays the result of getting used to such a novelty is that more and more people are getting tattoos. 6. There are several reasons for getting a tattoo: one is that some people believe it is a form of embellishment or a status symbol; another is that Kenyan men think it makes the human body look more beautiful. 7. The rumor in the press is that at present the African men go to beauty salons. 8. Manicures and pedicures and beauty therapy in general are what some of them prefer today. 9. The interesting thing is that it seems such a development is increasing. 10. The question arising from such a ticklish state of affairs is why this is happening. 11. In fact, using beauty products and going for services, such as pedicures and manicures, was basically how women used to spend their free time. 12. Today you find men in a salon and the interesting experience is that many men seem to be accepting this.

   Exercise 6.

   1. One man who was there said it was as if a bright star had gone out of the sky. 2. Financial markets offer no guarantees. That is why the Securities and Exchange Commission exists. 3. Over time, the church grew, especially after nineteen eighty. That was when a clergyman named Lon Solomon became the new minister. 4. They say the main reason is that high school seniors are applying to more schools than in the past. 5. What he discovered was that lung capacity in these children was far weaker than in those kids who live at least 1500 meters away from a thoroughfare. 6. The good news is many measles wards have become empty in hospitals in Africa. 7. Blood transfusions can save lives. But they can also spread diseases. Researchers believe this is how at least two people in Britain became infected with the human version of mad cow disease. 8. They say the concern is that players might see the training room as not the place even for well-qualified women. 9. The main building is Independence Hall. That was where colonial leaders declared independence and later debated the creation of a government.

   Exercise 8.

   1. This is who I am and this is what I've studied and this is what I expect to study at university. 2. The question is not how it happened, but what we are to do next. 3. Estimates are that approximately 1000 minors are kidnapped in our country each year. 4. It felt as if you had become as light as a feather and able to flit like a butterfly. 5. Nobody wants to die of hunger. That’s why people take a succession of jobs. 6. Insomnia is when you are unable to fall asleep or to enjoy uninterrupted sleep. 7. The Cape of Good Hope was where Napoleon spent the last days of his life. 8. The reason of high divorce rate is that an average married couple is too young for such a mature step. 9. My dilemma was which book I should read first: an adventure story or a fantasy one. 10. My worry is that money will be gone in a year, and what happens then. 11. Perhaps, what he is up to is what the board will approve of. 12. The problem is whether the government will reduce unemployment rate to prevent the rebellion. 13. The point is that every person has his/her responsibilities to fulfill. 14. She was running a high temperature. That’s why she had teary eyes. 15. She didn’t like him. Every time he touched her, she felt as if a razor blade was slashing her skin. 16. The good news is that they will give us a 50 percent discount on air tickets. 17. The house at the bank of the river is where the villagers have seen the wanted criminal. 18. One possible explanation is that their brain had more time to develop thinking abilities. 19. The topic of the essay is what happiness is and how to reach it. 20. Moving to a new district is why I am so worried.

   Object Clause

   Exercise 2.

   1. I ventured on asking why he was in such a hurry…. 2. He says that tourists come and go, but it is up to the Dogon people to decide how they will adapt or not in the 21 -------
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century ( -------
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). 3. Anyone who wants to leave early may do so. 4. At this stage it is unclear if the program makers willhave to intervene directly. 5. Young people agreed with Emerson that a person had the power within himself to succeed at whatever he tried. 6. He explains what brought him to this corner of Mali ( -------
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). 7. But with their «never say die’ attitude, you can be sure these ghost tourists will be back again. 8. But Lawrence Mishel notes that executive profits ultimately come out of the pockets of shareholders, workers, and consumers. 9. The symbolic timepiece measures how close mankind is to midnight, which represents total destruction of the Earth. 10. In spite of the impressive job growth figures, the Cuban-born secretary says one of the most pressing challenges for the US to continued growth is the shortage of high-skilled workers ( -------
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). 11. She was aware that someone else was there. 12. And so begins her perilous adventure, stealing away every moment she can to learn if her destiny is truly at the end of the dark staircase. 13. Didn’t you wonder why it never moved when the wind blew? 14. (Mummies had been shown at the Natural History Museum for many years, but for the past year they were in storage. The museum’s Melinda Zeder says the public demanded their return.) MELINDA ZEDER: «We had a real outpouring from our fans from across not only Washington, but the country, wanting to know when we were we going to bring the mummies back.» 15. BARACK OBAMA: «At last he is with them once more, leaving those of us who grieve his passing with the memories he gave, the good he did, the dream he kept alive, and a single, enduring image. The image of a man on a boat, white mane tousled, smiling broadly as he sails into the wind, ready for whatever storms may come, carrying on toward some new and wondrous place just beyond the horizon.»

   Exercise 3.

   1. that 2. whichever 3. how 4. if 5. who 6. what 7. that 8. why 9. when 10. what 11. how 12. who 13. whether 14. who 15. where.

   Exercise 4.

   1-c, 2-i, 3-b, 4-a, 5-d, 6-h, 7-e, 8-f, 9-g.

   Exercise 5.

   1. As a father of three children, Rock says life was rough without a car for the last two years. 2. Being the organization’s executive director, Schwartz claimed in the past seven years Vehicles for Change has awarded more than 2,100 cars to low-income families in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. 3. Jason DeRavaniere, the District Manager of the Washington Sports Club, says that more and more people are becoming aware of the health benefits of exercise. 4. People are realizing that when they do work out and when they eat right, it’s been proven that they’ll live longer. 5. Rad, the busy consultant, says it does not have to take much time out of your schedule to go to the gym. 6. Susan Gallagher, who represents the private power firm Ameren in St. Louis, Missouri, says 3,000 workers are out in the field now trying to restore power, giving priority to hospitals, emergency centers and places that serve as shelters for people who have been forced from their homes. 7. Professor W. James Gauderman thinks everybody should be alarmed about this, and he thinks the real message is probably to those that are planning land use and schools, and housing developments – anywhere a child may be spending a lot of time near a busy road. 8. Senator Hillary Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced that she was forming a presidential exploratory committee. 9. The National Retail Federation has proclaimed that Americans will spend on average about $120 for the holiday. 10. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates that 37 million Americans are living in poverty – on an income of less than $20,000 a year for a family of four, for example. 11. As Congress looks for ways to cut the federal government’s spending, advocates for the poor say, there should be no reduction in the government’s support for programs that combat poverty. 12. At Washington’s Central Union Mission, a shelter for the homeless, special projects manager Julia Smith says housing costs in the nation’s capital have tripled over the last five years – creating wealth for a few, but forcing many people below the poverty line. 13. There is no simple solution to ending poverty in America, but Catholic Charities U.S.A. say that task is a moral obligation for everyone. 14. Although Washington says the financial talks and the nuclear talks are not linked, most experts say in reality North Korea has succeeded in forcing a linkage between the two.

   Exercise 8.

   1. I don’t understand what you are driving at. 2. My girl friends call in on me at weekends to discuss what had happened during the week. 3. James always knows where it’s better to spend a vacation, and what you should pack; indeed, he is a travel agent. 4. He has two ways out of this situation: to give himself up to the police or to escape. I wonder which he will choose. 5. I believe whoever killed my parents will be found and punished in the nearest future. 6. Whichever fruit you take, I’m sure you’ll like it. 7. Nobody in the neighborhood approves of how you behave. 8. I don’t know what you are going to become, but successful graduation from the university will open many doors to you. 9. The customer insisted on it that the salesperson gave the money back, as the product was no good. 10. They are unlikely to accept your conditions/terms.11. She suddenly became conscious that the audience was staring at her. 12. Students majoring in Chinese wonder when the year of snake will begin according to the Chinese calendar. 13. How much time will you need to put on what your heart desires? 14. I doubt that Tom knows who was the first person to make a non-stop flight across the Atlantic. 15. Scientists have been discussing so far whether there is water on Mars. 16. They were not sure whichever friend (of theirs) was to fly to Leningrad. 17. In any situation Mark was aware when he should bring an end to the quarrel, and how he could avoid a conflict. 18. Grandmother has never seen what a computer looks like. 19. Do you know what time it is? 20. He laughed at what I told him, and didn’t believe a single word of mine.

   Attributive Clause

   Exercise 2.

   1. is 2. them 3. in 4. gets 5. why 6. to 7. who 8. had 9. how 10. there 11. do 12. it 13. themselves 14. serve 15. concentrated in.

   Exercise 3.

   1. who 2. that 3. where 4. where 5. that 6. who 7. where 8. which 9. that 10. that 11. if 12. where, that 13. who 14. where.

   Exercise 4.

   1-e, 2-i, 3-f, 4-a, 5-l, 6-j, 7-d, 8-k, 9-h, 10-c, 11-g, 12-b.

   Exercise 5.

   1. … we are a little naïve about the vast amount of information that is being gathered about us. 2. Can you give us any examples of future technology that is going to be used to gather information about people? 3. … the information that is held within the phone can identify you, it can identify the types of things you’re interested in or maybe the type of coffee you like in the morning when you go to the café bar on your way to work. 4. One of the things (that) I would like to talk about is the graffiti scene that is emerging and has been emerging in Barcelona. 5. Winfrey, who referred repeatedly to her own impoverished childhood, said (that) the student’s stories are her own story and the opening of the school was the culmination of a lifelong dream. 6. The organizations that monitor the game population are now changing the rules to prohibit the use of certain technologies to make hunters rely more on what they used to rely on in the past, which would be skill and woods craft. 7. Born on May 11, 1904 in the town of Figueres, Spain, Salvador Dali loved his picturesque hometown, which was the frequent subject of his painting. 8. A survey, where we looked at 155 of our recipients, shows 75 percent of them had found a better job with an average salary increase of over $4,800 a year. 9. We can begin to tell radio stations that stream online what we like and what we don’t like. 10. People who like to bow hunt are more interested in getting closer to the animal and the techniques involved in the hunt. 11. Road crews are loading trucks with sand and anti-freeze chemicals, which they will apply to icy roadways as needed in the hours ahead. 12. It is going to help me with transportation, getting back and forth to work, and with my family chores that I need to get done and taking my son to basketball practices, swimming lessons. 13. Ivan Smith is another Baltimore man who is getting a car. 14. There is no other country that has allowed 46 or 47 million people to be uninsured.

   Exercise 6.

   1. object, attributive relative restrictive. 2. object, attributive relative restrictive. 3. subject, predicative. 4. attributive relative restrictive. 5. subject. 6. object, predicative. 7. attributive relative non-restrictive, attributive continuative. 8. attributive relative non-restrictive. 9. subject. 10. object, attributive relative restrictive, object. 11. predicative. 12. object, attributive relative restrictive. 13. object. 14. attributive relative non-restrictive. 15. object.

   Exercise 8.

   1. Guria is a dark-eyed little girl who lies in the shade of her house on a bed made of rope, waiting for her daddy to come home from work. 2. Guria can’t speak or walk. Her hands – if you can call them hands – are bent, and quiver. 3. Her father earns a pittance and says he will do all he can for Guria while he’s alive. 4. In many ways, a girl nextdoor is like Guria, save for the fact that she seems to be in pain. 5. Many children are in a similar condition the village of Jaduguda. The state-owned corporation responsible for the vast uranium mining complex which dominates the village insists it is not to blame. 6. Among the trees there stands a roadside shrine. It’s dedicated to the goddess, Rankini, a local deity whose realm encompasses Jaduguda alone. 7. The people who live in the village put their faith in their goddess – or else in witch doctors. 8. From the vantage point of the shrine, one can see the villagers who dig for water in the makeshift well. 9. Each bucket they bring to the surface is brown ooze. 10. Not far from this place there is a dam, behind which lie millions of tons of slurry and waste from the uranium pits. 11. And, in the river which runs past Jaduguda, you can see villagers washing their vegetables. 12. Upstream the river’s waters mingle with the murky outflow from the mine working, which has no signs to warn of contamination. 13. Just as there are no signs on the trucks which carry uranium ore from the mines or bring nuclear waste from across India for dumping. 14. Back in 1998, when India announced it had conducted tests of a thermonuclear device in its north-western deserts, the people who resided in Jaduguda came out onto the streets to celebrate this news. 15. After all, Jaduguda which has no touristic sights produces all of India’s uranium. 16. Many in the village, who have shown pride in their country’s nuclear achievements, now say it’s time their country started to do more for them; to offer them proper medical care and compensation. 17. People are wary of outsiders who are constantly asking questions. 18. A survey suggested that nearly one in five of all women who live near the mine have suffered either a miscarriage or a stillbirth within the previous five years. 19. A court case brought by local activists against UCIL – which is a subsidiary of the Department of Atomic Energy and of the government of India – failed, after the company insinuated they were the result of poor hygiene and diet, and alcohol abuse. 20. So now, you can see a lot of children like the boy who mends bicycles he’ll never be able to ride – because when he was nine his legs suddenly started to bend and break.

   The Adverbial Clause

   Exercise 1.

   1. A time clause. 2. A concessive clause. 3. None. 4. A reason/ cause clause. 5. A place clause. 6. A result clause. 7. A purpose clauses 8. A reason/ cause clause. 9. None. 10. A clause of comparison. 11. A condition clause. 12. None. 13. A concessive clause. 14. A time clause.

   Exercise 2.

   1. as 2. when 3. due to the fact that 4. because 5. since 6. so that 7. such…that 8. although 9. until 10. if 11. in spite of the fact that 12. for 13. provided that; where 14. like.

   Exercise 3.

   1 i, 2 f, 3 a, 4 g, 5 c, 6 d, 7 b, 8 j, 9 h, 10 e.

   Exercise 4.

   1. Conjunction 2. Adverb 3. Adverb 4. Preposition 5. Adverb 6. Adverb 7. Conjunction 8. Conjunction 9. Preposition 10. Conjunction 11. Adverb 12. Conjunction 13. Adverb 14. Preposition 15. Conjunction 16. Conjunction 17. Preposition 18. Conjunction 19. Conjunction 20. Adverb.

   Exercise 5.

   Exercise 6.

   1. -------
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such 4. -------
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which 5. -------
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on 6. -------
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While 7. -------
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wherever 8. -------
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As 9. -------
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After 10. -------
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so 11. -------
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While 12. -------
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When 13. -------
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Due to 14. -------
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when 15. -------
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because.

   Exercise 7.

   1. …if you were more cautious. 2. … because the sky is overcast with rain clouds and a thunderstorm may break out any minute. 3. … while they are talking with their friends. 4. … as though it was made to her measurements. 5. … that I watched it up to the end. 6. … although the weather was hot and dry and it hadn't rained in months. 7. … with the result that she has an inflammation of the lungs now. 8. … for he won't even look for a job. 9. … until I was fifteen. 10. If we hadn’t decided to buy an off-highway vehicle for outings, …. 11. …do that she can enter a prestigious university. 12. … as she couldn’t afford to buy such an expensive thing. 13. … since I can’t speak Spanish. 14. … as long as they are experiencing unprecedented economic difficulties. 15. … wherever she was. 16. … as fluently as his mother speaks French. 17. … where he looked. 18. … unless I were extremely hungry. 19. Despite the fact that both are the bread and butter of recreational vehicles, …. 20. … that I can’t bring myself to complete all my chores.

   Exercise 9.

   1. He looked cheerful in spite of the fact that he had spent a sleepless night. 2. She talks about Paris as though she had been there herself. 3. They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house. 4. He told us to get into the back of the car so that we could talk. 5. After they had listened to the testimony, the members of the jury delivered their verdict. 6. While they were away on vacation, they allowed their mail to accumulate at the post office. 7. She wore a fur coat, even though it was a very warm day. 8. I had to bring the car to a halt for I couldn’t keep my eyes on the road anymore. 9. When they were told how much the trip would cost, they decided to stay at home. 10. You don’t know what you can achieve until you try to do it. 11. He sounds as though he’s got a sore throat. 12. The students liked that professor’s course because there was little or no homework. 13. As soon as calcium reacts with water, it forms hydroxide. 14. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware where she had gone. 15. Larry was so absorbed in his novel that he forgot about his dinner cooking in the oven. 16. Nothing could efface the people’s memory of their former leader’s cruelty although many years had elapsed. 17. Though the airline has increased air fares, most people still prefer to travel by plane. 18. My brother is in the Crimea on vacation, but I wish he were here so that he could help me repair my car. 19. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in such a way that it was easily understood. 20. He can’t get this job unless he has five years’ driving experience.

REFERENCES

   1. Верба, Л. Г. Грамматика современного английского языка: справочник / Л. Г. Верба, Г. В. Верба. – М.: Логос-М, 2007. – 368 c.
   2. Каушанская, В. Л. Грамматика английского языка: пособие для студентов педагогических институтов / В. Л. Каушанская, Р. Л. Ковнер [и др.]. – 5-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2008. – 384 с.
   3. Кобрина, Н. А. Грамматика английского языка: Морфология. Синтаксис: учеб. пособие / Н. А. Кобрина, Е. А. Корнеева, М. И. Оссовская, К. А. Гузеева – СПб.: СОЮЗ, 1999. – 496 с.
   4. Online English Grammar Book [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://www.englishpage.com/grammar/ (дата обращения: 19.01.2023).
   5. Syntax – English sentence structure [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm (дата обращения: 19.01.2023).
   6. Resources for Studying English Syntax Online [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/GramResources/ (дата обращения: 19.01.2023).
   7. Voice of America – Learn American English with VOA [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://learningenglish.voanews.com/ (дата обращения: 19.01.2023).
   8. BBC – Radio 5 live – Programme Highlights [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/5live/highlights (дата обращения: 19.01.2023).

Sentence Builder Александра Егурнова

Preface

Compound Sentence

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Complex Sentence

Subject Clause

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Predicative Clause

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Object Clause

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Attributive Clause

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Adverbial Clause

Theoretical Part

Language Focus

Answer Key

REFERENCES

Sentence Builder

Александра Егурнова