Текст книги "Все науки. №6, 2022. Международный научный журнал"

The creator of the physics of resonant nuclear reactions is I. H. Aliyev, but what is the basis of this discipline? It studies and determines the most favorable conditions for the occurrence of a kind of power surges of the products of nuclear reactions, which are called resonances. To put it simply, when a nuclear reaction takes place, it forms reaction products, which were discussed in one of the previous lectures, and all the circumstances that lead to the reaction being more efficient and their energies being greater are what the physics of resonant nuclear reactions studies.

Let’s take an example. Let charged particles be directed to the nucleus of some element, it can be protons, ions, electrons, anything. And when approaching the nucleus, the phenomenon of Coulomb repulsion occurs, it acts only on charges of the same name, namely on nuclei, but does not act on neutral particles, for example, neutrons, although the neutrons themselves also have a minimal charge. The particle spends some energy on overcoming the Coulomb barrier and remains with some of its part, which it spends on overcoming the nucleus itself and further passing the nuclear reaction.

The corresponding energy is released in the reaction, if it is endo-energetic, due to the inequality of the masses, that is, some part of the mass is converted into energy and it is already received by the products of the reaction itself – the flying particles, and they also receive the remaining part of the energy from the bombarded particle. And the total energy of these reaction products is determined by the appropriate mathematical apparatus, but we need a power jump.

Power is the product of the beam current by its energy, that is, voltage. The energy is really large for favorable reactions and is measured in MeV, but the current is extremely small. We need to somehow increase it. To do this, it is necessary to understand the phenomenon of the probability of a nuclear reaction. The beam itself is both a wave and a corpuscle, that is, a particle, according to the particle-wave dualism, which you can learn more about from the course of quantum physics, so it has its own de Broglie wavelength (1).

And when a particle approaches the nucleus, even if it did not hit it and did not touch it, if it is at a distance of its wavelength, then there will be an interaction. Yes, indeed, even without touching a particle, it can «hit» and enter into interaction, these are the laws of the microcosm. So, you need to increase this wavelength, and for this you need to reduce the pulse, but to reduce the pulse, you need to reduce the speed.

But it is necessary to reduce the velocity so that the particle passes the Coulomb barrier, from this we can conclude that the energy of the particle should be as close as possible to the Coulomb barrier. And here, the value of the Coulomb barrier is the resonant energy of this nuclear reaction.

Now, how to determine the output power? To do this, you need to calculate the energy, which is already easy to do, but how to determine the resonant current? To define it, imagine the following. The target plate consists of arranged atoms and let a certain number of charged particles enter inside. If we place a reference frame at the beginning of the target, then we can use the following statement that the particles will pass through some part of the target, which begins at a certain coordinate and ends at the coordinate of the sum of this coordinate and the thickness of the part itself, and the thickness is equal to the difference of these coordinates.

The question arises to this condition: how many incoming charged particles will enter into the interaction? To do this, we indicate that there are N (x) particles at the first coordinate, and dN at the end point N (x), respectively, where dN is the number of interacting charged particles.

Let’s determine the number of cores in this segment of two coordinates – x and x+dx, if the thickness between them is dx. To do this, we introduce the value of the density of nuclei, which determines the number of nuclei of a substance per unit volume, it is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to its atomic mass in kg and changes into a nucleus / m3 (2).

To determine how many cores there are at a specified point, it is enough to multiply this value (2) by the volume in this part of the plate, for this its area is multiplied by the thickness and by (2), which is indicated in (3).

But what is the area, once in which the core will get into the interaction? For one nucleus, we introduce the concept of the nuclear effective cross section, the same region, and since the actions take place in a circle relative to the nucleus of an atom, this value is determined by (4).

Thus, the area available for interaction is (5).

But the ratio of this area to the entire area of the plate is equal to the ratio of the number of all particles remaining without interaction to the total number of particles, that is, it is true (6).

Now, we introduce a numerical definition for (6), and for this we integrate both parts (7) separately into (8) and (9), and then we get the overall result (10).

From here we can get the value of the interacting particles (11).

And the output power can also be calculated thanks to (12).

Hence, a jump in power is obtained, that is, a resonance when approaching the energy of the Coulomb interaction in a nuclear reaction. It is this process that is the main one in this direction, which allows for the calibration of energy to receive sharp jumps in power, and in order to implement them, it is necessary to create and develop special monoenergetic accelerators of charged particles with the first linear acceleration, then cyclotron.

Today, the only monoenergetic accelerator in the world is being developed by Electron Laboratory LLC together with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Dmitry Vasilyevich Efremov Research Institute of Electrophysical Equipment and other organizations.

To describe the accelerator itself, it is enough to cite a small quotation from the monograph of Aliyev I. H. «New parameters for nuclear reactions for the implementation of charged particle accelerator LCU-EPD-300»:

«When the urgency of the problem of energy starvation on a planetary scale has been proven and demonstrated more than once, the problem of the need to create a device and method for generating electric energy with high efficiency on an extremely large scale, which would allow solving this problem and opening the way for a whole range of numerous projects and scientific works in need of such a source of electric energy, becomes the following a stage in the development of this large project.

And since the necessary research was carried out in the field of searching for such a source and method of energy generation, nuclear reactions were finally recognized as a solution that would increase their own cross-section, therefore, both the probability of passing the reaction itself and the number of active reactions, which of course is directly related to the overall efficiency of the entire nuclear reaction. What follows when taking into account that the energy of the flying particles from the nuclear reaction, in the entire particle picture, is the total voltage, and the number of flying particles, due to their charge, creates a parameter of the current strength of the system.

Due to the fact that the energies are selected in such a way that after passing the Coulomb barrier, the particle has an energy equal to the energy of its thermal counterpart and this fact alone increases the effective cross-section of the entire nuclear reaction into which the particle enters, then such nuclear reactions can be called resonant, due to the fact that they cause resonance in the system and only this they increase the overall efficiency of the entire process.

Resonant nuclear reactions were first discovered in September 2021, after which active research was carried out, which led to a number of publications, the most significant of which was made in December 2021, which is the monograph of Aliyev I. H. and Sharofutdinova F. M. «The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy to generate electric energy. The Electron Project», which led to research in the field of searching for this method for 12 years, taking into account that the search in the field of atomic nucleus and elementary particle physics, as well as quantum physics, took place for a significant 5 years. The name of resonant nuclear reactions was given to these systems in January 2022 by Karimov Bokhodir Khoshimovich and appears for the first time in this research.

Due to the fact that the relevance of resonant nuclear reactions quickly follows from the above, it remains to prove the relevance of the fact that a charged particle accelerator, a special type of LCU (Linear Cyclotron Accelerator), its class EPD-20, is necessary for the implementation of these nuclear reactions, it follows from the parameters that proton and deuterium beams are beams in it the Electron project with an energy of up to 20 MeV. Due to the fact that the energy must be selected, for example, for a conventional nuclear lithium-6 bombardment reaction with the release of two alpha particles, it is necessary to have a proton with an energy of 1.613245483 MeV, and only in this case it will be assumed that the final energy of the proton, after passing the Coulomb barrier at the nuclear radius, will be 0.25 eV, due to what does a proton become, what is called «thermal» and the effective cross-section of this nuclear reaction is already measured in huge units – kBn.

But today there is no LCC class accelerator on the whole planet, not to mention a detailed type, having a common LCC-EPD-20 encoding, which could give a proton energy equal to 2,312691131 MeV for the first, 1,978142789 MeV for the second, 1,613245483 MeV for the third and 4,457595117 MeV for the fourth reaction, not because this energy is not achievable, by no means, this energy is scanty in accelerator physics, since modern particle accelerators appear with energies in GeV and TeV. The reason for the difficulty of achieving such results is precisely the accuracy, accelerators can give energy in 1 MeV, 1.5 MeV or 2 MeV, that is, specific values whose accuracy does not exceed 1 or 2 orders of magnitude (by order we mean the order of the fraction or more precisely the negative degree of the base of the exponential function, that is, 10, presented in the module), and as you can see, much greater accuracy is needed for this experiment.

The importance of research on resonant nuclear reactions has been repeatedly stated in a number of scientific articles and ongoing research, and a special monograph «The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy for generating electrical energy» was devoted to this. The Electron Project», in which 6 nuclear reactions were described in detail, in 4 of which the process of bombarding a target made of beryllium, boron, aluminum and lithium with protons took place, and in 2 of them, the target was bombarded with lithium-6 and lithium-7 deuterons, due to which they stood out along with the main product reactions were carried out by alpha particles, and also a whole complex of other particles, which, after deviations in the MHD generator, were represented as an electric current.

Speaking about the described scientific work, it is important to note that it was primarily a theoretical work in which calculations of extremely high values took place in connection with the current, when the charges of the beams are extremely large, as are the currents, reaching several kA. And only at the end more approximate data were taken into account. In this case, the calculation is also carried out at the moment when the currents are small and more close to the real ones. For comparison, the currents in the newly created DC-280 cyclotron did not reach a value of 1 A, but were measured only in mA.

The same parameters can be given for the EG-2 SOKOL electrostatic accelerator, now owned by the Research Institute of Semiconductors and Microelectronics at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Therefore, in order to carry out this kind of nuclear reactions, when special conditions are necessary, they must once again be specified and clarified, as close as possible to the real values. In addition, if we dwell in detail on the mechanism of reactions, we get a picture from the fact that, as indicated, it is important to have a special device – an accelerator of charged particles, which could impart more energy in the amount of several MeV, for a charged particle. After that, this particle would come across a target of a certain substance, thanks to which a certain nuclear reaction took place. At the same time, a number of processes occur, one of which is overcoming the Coulomb barrier, that is, even if a nuclear reaction occurs with an energy output, the particle must still expend some energy to carry out this action, but if you choose a general combination as follows, so that such an amount of energy is expended, so that eventually a small amount remains by turning the incoming particle into a slow one, the probability of this reaction passing sharply increases to not small values, already after the Coulomb barrier, when Coulomb forces are no longer taken into account and the process takes place at a nuclear radius, as indicated.

Thus, it is important to create an LCU that would give energy to charged particles with a 9—10 order, which significantly increases the efficiency of the entire system under study and leads to a more accurate determination of the Coulomb and other barriers of any reaction. At the same time, this LCC has a number of advantages along with all available accelerators, since, to begin with, it is a combination of two classes of accelerators: cyclic and linear.

Speaking of accelerators, it is important to note that accelerators themselves are simple, in which particles are accelerated by an electric field, the whole principle is based on this. It is also impossible to doubt that the time has finally come for the reaction of the first resonant nuclear reactions at the first LCC. After all, if we resort to history, then, for example, the very first accelerator was built in 1930 by Lawrence Berkeley. The first accelerators are considered to be the accelerators of 1931, when a 23 cm ring cyclotron was created at the University of California to accelerate hydrogen ions with an energy of 1 MeV. A 28 cm ring proton cyclotron with an energy of 1.2 MeV was also developed in Berkeley in 1932. There, at the University of California, Berkeley, a 68 cm ring deuterium cyclotron with an energy of 4.8 MeV was developed from 1932 to 1936; a 94 cm ring deuterium cyclotron with an energy of 8 MeV was developed from 1937 to 1938; a 152 cm ring tritium cyclotron with an energy of 16 MeV was developed from 1939 to the present time; from 1942 to the present The operating time is 467 cm ring cyclotron for various charged particles with an energy of more than 100 MeV. At the same time, in 1932, a proton electrostatic proton accelerator with an energy of 0.7 MeV Cockcroft-Walton was constructed at the Cavendish Laboratory, acting thanks to the voltage multiplier of Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton and Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (winners of 1951), already better known as the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier.

Also known are Harvard accelerators (1949—2002), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943-present) for protons and uranium nuclei with energies from 160 MeV. Synchrotrons were also created, known as the cosmotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1953—1968. 72 meters for protons at 3.3 GeV, also the Birmingham sychrotron, Bevatro, the Saturn accelerator, the Russian synchrophasotron in Dubna, the Proton cyclotron at CERN. Listing accelerators can be quite a long process, not to mention describing each one, due to the difference in their types, characteristics and physics. Therefore, there is no room for doubts about the passage of a sufficient path in this area on the part of world science to begin research and work in the design of the newest resonant-type cyclotron.

The purpose of this research work is the complete development of the charged particle accelerator «LCU-EPD-20» (linear cyclotron accelerator proton-deuterium cyclotron for the Electron project with an energy of up to 20 MeV, with a high order), for a detailed study of resonant nuclear reactions.

The objectives of this study are:

• Study of the general system of operation, physics and history of accelerators;

• Development of an electric acceleration system (RF system);

• Calculation of parameters and algorithm for creating a magnetic system;

• Study of the vacuum system and development of a method to achieve the required vacuum level;

• Development of a system for monitoring the action of the accelerator and giving the necessary level of energy;

• Development of the mechanism and physics of detecting the results obtained;

• Creation of technology for mathematical modeling of the charged particle accelerator system;

• Description of variations of accelerator operation using examples of resonant nuclear reactions.

The object of this study is a resonance type charged particle accelerator LCU-EPD-20.

The subject of the study is the study of the process of creating a resonance-type charged particle accelerator, and the technology of conducting experiments on this accelerator.

For this study, an instrumental, empirical and theoretical research method was applied (with some reservations), which gave the necessary important results.

The scientific novelty of this research work is as follows:

• The first merger of two classes of accelerators: cyclotron and linear, resulting in the formation of the LCU system;

• For the first time, a system operating on a scale of 9—10 orders of magnitude is being developed;

• It is possible to conduct experiments with energy values of 3 units of 11—12 orders of magnitude, due to the variation of the value up to 20 MeV;

• The first application of the possibility of conducting nuclear reactions on protons and deuterons with Coulomb barriers on any nuclei;

• The only device on the planet in the entire history of mankind with such critical experimental accuracy;

• Indicated as the first research in the field of physics of resonant nuclear reactions;

• The first presentation of a charged particle accelerator as a source of electrical energy;

• The only studies as an accelerator without switching to the method of generating electric energy with the transition to a pit mechanism;

• Huge amount of generated electrical energy;

• The possibility of switching to higher cores (from 119 cores).

Speaking about the novelty of this study, along with a lot of points, which in this case are only partially given, it is important to clarify the fact that the feature of the accelerator being created for the research laboratory under the Electron project LCU-EPD-20 is accuracy. It is the ability to give duants a certain voltage, that when passing through the slits of the electric field, where the beam is accelerated, it is accelerated only by a certain number, which is only a part of the final energy.

As can be indicated in the very name of the reaction, it is necessary to cause resonance, but not because of a particular «coincidence», namely because of the energy approach, as described earlier, but will be described in even more detail in subsequent chapters, where the history of accelerator technology is initially given, then the basic physical and mathematical apparatus is developed, allowing to already operate with the resulting beam acceleration systems.

The practical results will be as follows:

• A whole program has been developed for the implementation of LCU-EPD-20;

• All the necessary data of LCU-EPD-20 have been calculated;

• All physics and working methods for the new LCU-EPD-20 have been obtained;

• The technology of creating the LCC-EPD-20 accelerator has been developed;

• Distinctive features of resonant accelerators are expressed;

• The project of the research laboratory under the new project «Electron» with the use of LCU-EPD-20 has been developed;

• The concept of a research laboratory under the Electron project using LCU-EPD-20 has been developed;

• The monograph «The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy for the generation of electrical energy. The Electron Project» with a description of the 1st stage of the Electron project research;

• It is planned to publish a whole list of monographs for a detailed description of the LCC-EPD-20 accelerator project;

• The «Road map» of the Electron project has been developed.

The reliability of the results is based on the fact that generally accepted mathematical, physical and other operations will be used. Experimental data obtained in various laboratories and research centers, as well as from the practice of scientists, on the creation of such accelerators will also be used.

This research was discussed more than once at a meeting of doctors and candidates of physical and mathematical Sciences of Fergana State University, reviewers of the monograph on the 1st stage of the Electron project, scientists of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, as well as during a discussion with a doctor of Technical Sciences, associate professor of the Research Institute of Semiconductor Physics and Microelectronics of the National University of Uzbekistan.

The results of the research are published in scientific articles in the international journals «Exact Science», «Young Scientist» and some others, in this monograph and in the monograph of Aliyev I. H. and Sharofutdinova F. M. «The use of accelerators and phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy for generating electrical energy. The Electron Project», published back in 2021, the reviewers for which were Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Otazhonov Salim Madrahimovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Research Institute of Semiconductor Physics and Microelectronics of the National University of Uzbekistan Kuldashev Obbos Khakimovich, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Karimov Bokhodir Khoshimovich, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of Physics-Abdurakhmonov Sultonali Madrahimovich, PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Senior Lecturer of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Zainolobidinova Sapura Malikovna, Senior Lecturer of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Yuldoshaliev Dilshod Kuldoshalievich».

This is exactly what the project of the world’s first resonant type accelerator LCC-EPD-20 looks like at the moment. And after carrying out the entire Electron project, it is possible to achieve the implementation of a grandiose work that opens up new opportunities, makes the whole state completely energy independent, because these 17.56 GWh of electric energy is more than enough to provide the entire Republic of Uzbekistan by 174.4%, thanks to which a new branch of infrastructure may appear, which is the direction of energy exports from the state, which will also lead to the improvement and development of the state economy, not only in the industrial sense, but also in the real scientific sense!