Текст книги "Английский язык. Экспресс-репетитор для подготовки к ЕГЭ. «Письмо»"

Е.С. Музланова
Английский язык. Экспресс-репетитор для подготовки к ЕГЭ. «Письмо»

Предисловие

Цель настоящего пособия – помочь учащимся 10–11 классов и абитуриентам в кратчайшие сроки подготовиться к итоговой аттестации по английскому языку в форме единого государственного экзамена. Одним из главных аспектов проверки на экзамене является практическое владение письменной речью в рамках изученных тем, а также коммуникативная компетенция учащихся.

Раздел единого экзамена «Письмо» представляет собой небольшую письменную работу и включает два задания: письмо личного характера и письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения. Рекомендуемое время на выполнение раздела – 60 минут. Черновые пометки делаются прямо на листе с заданиями и не оцениваются. Полный окончательный вариант ответа заносится в бланк ответов и оценивается экзаменаторами.

При ответе на первое задание учащийся должен дать развернутое сообщение в связи с предложенным заданием, запросить необходимую информацию, использовать неофициальный стиль, а также соблюсти формат неофициального письма. При ответе на второе задание учащийся должен высказать свое мнение, приводя аргументы, доказательства, примеры, логически построить свое высказывание, употребляя соответствующие средства логической связи, сделать вывод, а также продемонстрировать владение грамматическими структурами и хорошим словарным запасом в соответствии с поставленной задачей.

Пособие содержит 4 главы, которые охватывают основные виды заданий по письму, однако основное внимание уделено заданиям на составление письма личного характера и высказывания с элементами рассуждения. В книге представлено 30 писем личного характера и 50 сочинений, содержащих исчерпывающую информацию, необходимую для успешной сдачи экзамена. Информативная насыщенность сочинений позволяет также использовать их для развития навыка устной речи.

Для успешной подготовки к экзамену в каждом разделе сборника даны рекомендации по выполнению заданий, а также приведены схемы их оценивания. Это поможет учащимся осознанно подойти к выполнению поставленных задач.

Пособие предназначено главным образом для подготовки учащихся 10–11 классов школ, гимназий и лицеев к выпускному экзамену по английскому языку. Оно может быть использовано и на более раннем этапе для самостоятельной подготовки к контрольным работам по письму, а также для углубленного изучения английского языка. Сборник может быть полезен и учителям, которые найдут в нем необходимый материал для своей работы на уроках.

Надеюсь, что пособие поможет быстро и качественно подготовиться к итоговой аттестации по английскому языку и успешно сдать единый государственный экзамен.

Глава 1. Письмо личного характера

1.1. Рекомендации по составлению письма личного характера

При написании личного письма необходимо придерживаться следующих правил.

> Не забудьте указать свой адрес в правом верхнем углу в следующем порядке:

• номер дома, название улицы

 город

 страна

Допускается указывать адрес в кратком виде, например:

Moscow

Russia

> Под адресом, пропустив строку, необходимо написать дату письма:

June 7th, 2008

7 June 2008

или менее официально:

07/06/08

> Письмо начинается с неофициального обращения. Представьте, что вы пишете настоящему другу, а знакомых людей обычно называют по имени. Если в задании оно не указано, вам следует его придумать:

Dear Tim,

Dear Rebecca,

После обращения обязательно ставится запятая!

> Разделите текст своего письма на несколько логических абзацев, каждый из которых начните с красной строки.

1. В первом абзаце вам следует поблагодарить своего друга за его письмо:

Thanks (a lot) for your (last) letter.

Your last letter was a real surprise.

I was glad to get your letter.

It was great to hear from you! / It was great to hear that… / I was happy to hear…

Вы можете также извиниться за то, что не писали раньше:

Sorry I haven’t written for so long but …/ Sorry I haven’t been in touch for so long.

I'm sorry I haven't answered earlier but I was really busy with my school.

и/или упомянуть какой-либо факт из полученного письма:

I’m glad you passed your History test!

Sounds like you had a great time in London!

Great news about your…!

2. Основная часть письма (2–3 абзаца). В ней вы должны раскрыть все аспекты, указанные в задании. Не забудьте задать необходимые вопросы.

Предполагается, что письмо должно быть написано в неформальном стиле, поэтому вы можете использовать неформальные слова-связки, такие как well, by the way, anyway, so,разговорные выражения типа Guess what? Или Wish me luck!а также восклицательные знаки.

3. В последнем параграфе следует объяснить, почему вы заканчиваете письмо:

Well, I’d better go now as I have to do my homework.

Anyway, I have to go now because my Mum asked me to helpher with the washing up.

I’ve got to go now! It’s time for my favourite TV show.

и упомянуть о дальнейших контактах:

Write (back) soon!

Take care and keep in touch!

Drop me a letter when you can.

Hope to hear from you soon.

I can’t wait to hear from you!

> В конце письма на отдельной строке указывается завершающая фраза-клише, которая зависит от близости автора и адресата. После нее всегда ставится запятая! Ниже приводятся пять возможных ее вариантов от наименее формального (1) к более формальному (7):

1) Love,

2) Lots of love,

3) All my love,

4) All the best,

5) Best wishes,

6) With best wishes,

7) Yours,

> На следующей строке под завершающей фразой указывается имя автора (без фамилии!). Например:

Andrew или Kate

Таким образом, письмо к другу имеет следующий вид:

^{Образец письма личного характера}

Task 1. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Steve who writes

…At school we are doing projects on reading habits of people in different countries. Could you tell me what kind of books you and the members of your family like reading?

As for the family news, my sister got married last week…

Write a letter to Steve. In your letter

– tell him about the kind of books you and your relatives like to read

– ask 3 questions about his sister’s husband Write 100–140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

23 Lenskaya Street

Moscow

Russia

November 10th, 2008

Dear Steve,

Thanks a lot for your letter. I’m glad your sister got married. How are you getting on with her husband? Is he a student? What kind of music does he enjoy?

In your letter you asked me about the reading habits in my family. Well, my father often reads newspapers and magazines. He thinks that it is the only way to be in the know of everything. And my mother is keen on reading romances and modern novels. However, she wouldn’t mind reading about the life of well-known people.

As for me, I enjoy reading detective stories because they have interesting story lines and unusual endings. I am particularly captivated by characters who conduct investigations.

Actually, I’d better go now as I’ve got loads of homework to do tonight. Write soon!

All the best,

Ivan

1.2. Схема оценивания письма личного характера

Письменная речь относится к продуктивным видам речевой деятельности и, в первую очередь, оценивается с точки зрения степени выполнения коммуникативной задачи.

Тем не менее до недавнего времени успешность работы учащихся определялась в основном по количеству лексико-грамматических ошибок, и отметка выставлялась без учета выполнения коммуникативной задачи. При этом решение было субъективным: не было ни критериев, ни шкал, позволяющих перейти на субъективно-объективное мнение. В настоящее время такие критерии разработаны. Сейчас наиболее важными из них стали «содержание» и «организация текста», так как именно они показывают, насколько полно решена учащимися коммуникативная задача.

Письмо личного характера оценивается экспертами только по двум параметрам: содержание и полнота выполнения задания (максимально 3 балла) и организация текста (максимально 3 балла). Таким образом, за письмо личного характера учащийся может получить максимально 6 баллов.

Под содержанием и полнотой выполнения задания понимается:

• соответствие теме и ситуации общения, указанной в коммуникативном задании, а также полнота раскрытия темы;

• правильность отбора материала с учетом адресата (что адресат уже знает; о чем его нужно поставить в известность; какая информация не является важной и необходимой в данной ситуации);

• использование определенного стиля речи в соответствии с указанной коммуникативной ситуацией;

• соответствие высказывания заданному объему. Под организацией текста понимается:

• логичность в изложении материала;

• связность текста, которая обеспечивается правильным использованием языковых средств передачи логической связи между отдельными частями текста (союзы, вводные слова, местоимения и т. п.);

• структурирование текста: деление на абзацы, наличие вступления и заключения.

Критерии оценивания письма личного характера

1.3. Задания на составление письма личного характера

Task 1. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Mary who writes

… It was great to hear that you went to Italy during your spring holidays. I have always wanted to visit this wonderful country. Did you enjoy your journey? What places of interest did you visit? What impressed you most of all? Did you like your hotel?

As for me, I am awfully tired because we’ve got too many tests at school. Can’t wait for the summer break…

Write a letter to Mary. In your letter

– tell her about your journey to Italy

– ask 3 questions about her plans for the summer Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 2. This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

…Do you often have arguments with your parents? I do. My mother thinks that I spend too much time hanging around with my friends. Do you often meet your friends?

What do you usually do together? And what do you do when you disagree with your parents about how you spend your free time?

Write back soon.

Love,

Ann

Write back to Ann. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her relations with her younger sister Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 3. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend who writes

…We moved to a new house a few weeks ago and I changed school. At first I was a bit afraid but I made new friends sooner than I expected. The teachers are nice and everything seems to be working out well. And what about you? Have you made any friends in your new school? Do you enjoy studying there? Have you got any new subjects this year?

I’ve got to go now! It’s time for my music lesson. Drop me a line when you can.

Lots of love,

Emily

Write a letter to Emily. In your letter

– answer her questions and tell her about your new school

– ask 3 questions about her preferences in music Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 4. This is part of a letter from Harry, your English pen-friend.

…I’m fine but I’ve got a very busy week ahead. I’m a member of the school team and we are preparing for an important match in the National Championship. Are you fond of football? Do you watch football matches on TV? What other sports do you enjoy?

Well, I’d better go now. I’ve got to do some more training – I don’t want to lose this match.

Take care and write back soon.

Write back to Harry. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about his preparation for the match Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 5. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend George who writes

…At school we are doing projects on famous singers from different countries. Could you tell me about any famous Russian singer? What is he or she famous for? How long has he/she been singing? Do you enjoy his/ her songs? Have you ever been to his/her concerts?

As for my school trip to London last week, it was really wonderful…

Write a letter to George. In your letter

– tell him about the singer you admire most of all

– ask 3 questions about his trip to London Write 100–140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 6. This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

…So you see that I enjoy films based on true historic facts whereas most of my friends are fond of soap operas. Do you agree that soaps don’t show life realistically? What kind of films do you like watching? Do you prefer watching films in the cinema or at home? Why?

We all miss you, too. Everybody sends their love. Can’t wait to see you in the summer. Write back soon.

All my love,

Tina

Write back to Tina. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her family Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 7. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Rob who writes

…and then there’s this chess tournament on Saturday. If I win, I’ll be the champion of our school. Who knows?

Oh, yeah. I wanted to ask you something. We have to write a report on technology for school. Could you tell me a few things about how you use technology in your life? You know, computers, mobiles, TV, that sort of things. Oh, and tell me something about the other members of your family, too, and how they use technology.

Anyway, I was talking to Sam the other day and he says that…

Write back to Rob. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about playing chess Write 100–140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 8. This is part of a letter from Jane, your English pen-friend.

…My home town is rather small but I like it. The people here are very friendly and they try and keep our town clean and beautiful. And do you enjoy living in a big city? How do you spend your spare time there?

Anyway, I’m thinking of travelling around Russia next summer. Could you tell me what weather to expect? Should I take warm clothes with me?..

Write a letter to Jane. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her home town Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 9. This is part of a letter from your German pen-friend.

…I find it a bit difficult to understand English grammar. What about you? Do you do grammar exercises? Do you think that it’s necessary to remember all grammar rules?

Have you got any plans for the summer? I was thinking of going to a language school in the UK to improve my English. It would be a lot more fun if we went together. What do you think?

Anyway, I have to go now as I’m helping my Dad in the shop.

Hope to hear from you soon.

All the best,

Kerstin

Write back to Kerstin. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about the trip to the UK Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 10. This is part of a letter from Adam, your English pen-friend, whom you’re going to visit in summer.

…As for me, I’m crazy about skateboarding and I love rock and pop music. I think my favourite band at the moment is Radiohead. Do you know them? What kind of things do you like doing and what music do you enjoy?

Is there anything you particularly want to do while you’re here? I guess you’ll be busy at the language school during the day, but we can do something in the evenings and at weekends. Also, let me know if there are any kinds of food you don’t like…

Write back to Adam. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about his family and the language school Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 11. You have received a letter from your English pen-friend Mary who writes

…In your previous letter you told me that you had joined your school Literature Club. I wonder what you do at your club meetings. Can I help you in any way?

As for me, I enjoy reading very much and I would be really interested to know about famous Russian writers. Who is your favourite writer at the moment? Have you got enough time for reading?..

Write a letter to Mary. In your letter

– answer her questions and tell her about your Literature Club

– ask 3 questions about her reading preferences Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 12. This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

…I’ve always wanted to visit Moscow so it’ll be great to spend a week at your place. Any ideas as to what we might do? Should I bring any special clothes? Do let me know if there is anything I can get you from England?

Write back soon.

All the best,

Gloria

Write back to Gloria. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her eating habits. Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 13. This is part of a letter you have received from your English pen-friend.

…We are doing a project at school on how computers are changing people’s lives. Please could you tell me how computers are changing things and how people feel about it? Have you got a computer at home? What do you use it for?

As for me, I’m going on holiday with my parents next weekend…

Write back to your pen-friend. In your letter

– answer his/her questions about computers

– ask 3 questions about his holiday Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 14. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Paul who writes

…At school we are doing projects on sports popular in different countries. Could you tell me about two kinds of sports that are popular with Russian teenagers? Why are they popular? Do you have enough time for sports?

By the way, I am thinking of joining our school drama club. Is that a good idea?..

Write a letter to Paul. In your letter

– answer all his questions

– ask 3 questions about his school drama club Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 15. This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

…By the way, we are doing a project at college on the fashion industry in different countries. It would be nice if you could tell me what clothes are popular with teenagers in Russia. Do you have any special fashion for teens? What kind of clothes do you prefer?

Write back soon.

All my love,

Jessica

Write back to Jessica. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her tastes in clothes Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 16. This is part of a letter from your English pen-friend.

…I’m going to visit Russia in July. I’ve read a lot about Moscow but I’m especially interested in its history. What historical sites and museums would you recommend me to visit? Is museum entrance fee high in Moscow? Are there any weekdays when the entrance is free for students? Do they allow taking pictures inside?

Well, I must finish now because I’ve got an exam tomorrow. Write back soon and tell me all your news.

All the best,

John

Write back to John. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about his exams and his journey to Russia. Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 17. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Andrew who writes

…In your letter you said you were organising a surprise party for your friend. Was it difficult to organise? Did you decorate the place? What kind of food did you provide? What did your friend say?

I’d love to hear how it went because my parents let me have a big party at home on my birthday but I’ve got to organise everything myself. I’ve never done anything like that before…

Write a letter to Andrew. In your letter

– answer his questions giving relevant details

– ask 3 questions about his birthday party Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 18. This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

…Guess what! My parents let me have a pet for my birthday. Isn’t that great? I haven’t decided yet what kind of pet to get. Have you got a pet? What animals do you think make good pets? Is it difficult to look after your pet? Let me know what you think.

Anyway, I’d better go now. I’ve got loads of homework to do tonight (unfortunately!). Write soon!

All my love,

Donna

Write back to Donna. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her house Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 19. This is an extract from your pen-friend’s postcard:

…I’m having a busy time at the moment as I have to write lots of Christmas cards to all my friends and relatives. Do you celebrate Christmas in Russia? What holidays are celebrated in your country? What is your favourite holiday? How do you celebrate it?

Well, I’d better go now. I’ve got to help mum with cooking.

I can’t wait to hear from you.

Lots of love,

Jackie

Write back to Jackie. In your letter

– answer her questions about Russian holidays

– ask 3 questions about British holidays Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 20. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Susie who writes

…We’re doing a project this month at school on eating habits and customs around the world. Will you be able to help me by telling me what the traditional meals are in your country? What do people typically eat and at what time of day? What are your favourite dishes?

As for me, I’m thinking of going on a diet as I feel I’m too fat…

Thanks very much!

Write a letter to Susie. In your letter

– answer her questions and tell her about eating habits in Russia

– ask 3 questions about her new diet Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 21. This is part of a letter from Sheryl, your English-speaking pen-friend.

…My friend and I are planning to start a new hobby but we haven’t decided yet what hobby to choose. Do you have any hobbies? Do you feel you have enough time for your hobbies? What hobbies are popular with teenagers in Russia? Are there any hobbies you’d like to take up?

As for my school exams, they are almost over and I’m looking forward to my summer break…

Write back to Sheryl. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her plans for the summer Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 22. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend David who writes

…At school we are doing projects on teenagers in different countries. What is your idea of a typical Russian teenager? You will help me a lot if you could tell me about Russian teenagers. What do they enjoy? What are their most popular leisure activities?

Anyway, the weather is fine today and I’m going to try my new skateboard…

Write a letter to David. In your letter

– tell him about Russian teenagers

– ask 3 questions about his hobbies Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 23. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Sam who writes

…At school we are doing projects on the greatest capitals of the world. I’ve decided to write about Moscow. Could you tell me about your city? What is special about your capital?

As for the family news, my sister got married last week…

Write a letter to Sam. In your letter

– tell him about Moscow

– ask 3 questions about his school Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 24. This is part of a letter from Jill, your English-speaking pen-friend.

…Thanks for inviting me to stay with you when I visit your country next month.

I'm not sure how to get to your apartment from the airport. Could you write back giving me some basic instructions? What would be the best way of transport for me? I'd prefer one that isn't too expensive!

Just one other thing – what will the weather be like when I get there? (Just so I'll know what clothes to pack!) …

Write back to Jill. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her plans Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 25. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend who writes

It's a really brave step to take a year out of college to come and spend 6 months in the UK! What are you planning to do with your time? Find a job? Learn some new skills? Write back and give me more details of your plans so I can do my best to help you have a good time…

I’ve got to go now! It’s time for my favourite TV show. Keep in touch!

Lots of love,

Chemmy

Write a letter to Chemmy. In your letter

– answer her questions and tell her about your plans

– ask 3 questions about her favourite TV shows. Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 26. This is part of a letter from your English pen-friend.

…Have you ever thought what you are going to do in the future? As for me, I really don’t know what career to choose although my parents say it’s time I made a choice. What kind of job would you prefer to do? Have you asked your parents for advice? Would you like to follow in their footsteps?

Anyway, we’ve got some time to think. Let me know what you think about it.

All the best,

Jack

Write back to Jack. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about his hobbies and leisure activities Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 27. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Pam who writes

… I don’t think it’s fair to make children do household chores because we’re too busy at school. And what about you? Do you help your mum about the house? What kind of things do you have to do? Do you have enough time to do chores?

As for my plans for the summer, I am going to Italy with my friends. We’ll be studying Italian at a summer school. It’s really great!

Hope to hear from you soon!

Love,

Pam

Write a letter to Pam. In your letter

– answer her questions tell her about your household duties

– ask 3 questions about her trip to Italy Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 28. This is part of a letter from Jenny, your English-speaking pen-friend.

…I’m getting ready for my A-levels at the moment. It’s rather difficult for me to remember all the necessary facts and figures. And when do you have exams in Russia? Do you find it easy to revise? Do you study at night? Is there any advice you could give me?

And another thing! My parents say you could come and visit us in summer. Would you like to? …

Write back to Jenny. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about your trip to England. Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 29. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend who writes

… All in all, my birthday party was great! However, one of my friends came to the party in casual clothes. Just jeans and a T-shirt! Of course I didn’t say anything but she felt a bit left out. I was really sorry for her! And what do you usually wear when you go to a birthday party? Is it important in Russia to wear smart clothes at parties? What would you do if you were me?

I’ve got to go now as I have loads of homework to do. Drop me a line when you can.

Lots of love,

Patricia

Write a letter to Patricia. In your letter

– answer her questions

– ask 3 questions about her birthday presents Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Task 30. This is part of a letter from your English pen-friend.

…Guess what! All my friends are going to ‘Waterland’ next week and I can’t swim! What shall I do? If I go with my friends, they will be teasing me all the time. I have wanted to learn to swim for a long time but I feel embarrassed to start learning at my age. What would you advise me to do? Is it difficult to learn how to swim? How many lessons will I need?

Well, I’d better go now as my mum’s calling me for dinner.

Take care and keep in touch!

Yours,

Mark

Write back to Mark. In your letter

– answer his questions

– ask 3 questions about his favourite sports Write 100–140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.