Текст книги "English grammar with Kudjo. Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых. Part 1"
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Автор книги: Larisa Lubimova
Жанр: Языкознание, Наука и Образование
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Текущая страница: 2 (всего у книги 2 страниц)
Unit 5
Past Continuous Tense
Прошедшее продолженное время
Это время используется для обозначения действия, которое длилось в прошлом. Чаще всего эта длительность чем-то зафиксирована. Например, у нас есть конкретное время в прошлом или другое действие произошло в этот момент: At 5 pm yesterday Kudjo was reading a book about people. When he was reading, the light went off.
Время Past Continuous часто используется для создания фона или атмосферы повествования.The sun was shining.The birds were singing. The cats were mewing. Kudjo left the house for a walk.
Из примеров уже понятна структура предложения. Она очень похожа на конструкцию Present Continuous, но только глагол to be стоит в форме прошедшего времени – was/were:
подлежащее + was/were + глагол с окончанием ing.
Look at Kudjo
What was he doing at 2 pm yesterday?
![](image11_65b8eef1929da500074478f9_jpg.jpeg)
He was walking. He was standing on a bench. He was supporting his favorite football team.
EXERCISE 1
Напишите, кто что делал вчера в это время, используя Past Continuous:
For example,
At 5 am we were sleeping.
1 At 7 am I was*****.
2 At 9 am my family were *****.
3 At 11 am my dad was *****.
4 At 2 pm my mum was *****.
5 At 4 pm I was *****.
6 At 6 pm my friend was *****.
7 At 7 pm my neighbors were *****.
8 At 11 pm I was *****.
9 At 2 am everybody was *****.
EXERCISE 2
Давайте придумаем, что каждый делал в тот момент, когда приземлились инопланетяне на вашей улице. Используйте глаголы– подсказки в форме Past Continuous:
For example,
When aliens landed in our yard, we were having lunch.
1 play football
2 cook
3 swim in the pool
4 chase a cat
5 play hide-and-seek
6 grill salmon
7 water strawberries
8 eat raspberries
9 sunbathe
Отрицательное предложение строится таким образом:
подлежащее + was/were + not + глагол с окончанием ing.
He wasn’t frolicking.
В разговорном английском мы используем сокращенные формы wasn’t/ weren’t
EXERCISE 3
Найдите нужный глагол и поставьте его в отрицательную форму: play, fight, walk, look, bark, read, watch, have, hide
That time yesterday…
1 Kudjo ***** a book, he was sleeping on the sofa.
2 Kudjo ***** his favorite series, he was sleeping and having dreams.
3 Kudjo ***** in the park, he was sleeping at home.
4 Kudjo ***** lunch, he was sleeping fast.
5 Kudjo ***** at all, he was sleeping and snoring.
6 Kudjo ***** with another dog, he was sleeping and dreaming about it.
7 Kudjo ***** a bone, he was sleeping with the bone under the pillow.
8 Kudjo ***** football, he was sleeping like a log
9 Kudjo ***** out of the window, he was sleeping under a blanket.
![](image12_65b8ef9b929da500074478fb_jpg.jpeg)
Вопросительные предложения строятся по такому же принципу, как и вопросы в Present Continuous:
(вопросительное слово) + was/were + подлежащее+ глагол с окончанием ing?
What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?
EXERCISE 4
Поставьте вопрос к выделенному слову:
1 Kudjo was chasing a crow.
2 Kudjo was helping me cook dinner.
3 We were walking in the park.
4 They were fighting because of a ball.
5 Kudjo was lying on the rug.
6 I was writing the book.
7 Kudjo was barking loudly at a garbage-truck.
8 He was sleeping under the table.
9 Kudjo was jumping around a tree to catch a squirrel.
Маркерами для этого времени являются слова и выражения, фиксирующие процесс:
when, while, as, at + время в прошлом. Самый главный маркер while используется для соединения двух одновременных действий:
He was sleeping curled up in a ball while I was working.
EXERCISE 5
Соедините обе части предложения:
1 While I was cooking lunch,
2 When we were walking in the forest,
3 Kudjo was taking a nap
4 I was making up these sentences
5 Kudjo was playing with a ball next to the pool
6 While I was watching a documentary about dogs
7 As I came in,
8 While other dogs were fighting because of the bone,
9 Kudjo was sitting and waiting
a when Kudjo came up with his ideas.
b Kudjo found a hedgehog.
c when a fire alarm went off and frightened him.
d Kudjo was listening to an audiobook about the first people.
e Kudjo was licking clean his bowls.
f while I was looking for his leash.
g Kudjo stole it.
h Kudjo was lying in bed under my favorite duvet.
i when the ball fell in the water.
EXERCISE 6
Напишите, что происходило вокруг вас, когда вы вчера вышли на улицу.
Можете использовать глаголы-подсказки в Past Continuous:
For example, snow – It was snowing heavily outside.
1 run
2 play
3 walk
4 sing
5 chase
6 shout
7 bark
8 drive
9 blow
EXERCISE 7
Поставьте глагол в форму Present Continuous или Past Continuous:
1 Listen! Kudjo / bark/ at something or somebody.
2 He /dig/ under the tree when I saw him.
3 I /sleep/ very fast and didn’t hear him jump onto my bed.
4 I /buy/ some treats for Kudjo when he took a toy from the shelf.
5 Shhhhh. Kudjo is /kip/.
6 Don’t open the drawer. I /hide/ Kudjo’s toys there and he mustn’t see them.
7 We /talk/ about flying to France when Kudjo came up with his passport in his teeth.
8 Kudjo /eat/ my dinner while I /talk/ on the phone in the next room.
9 I didn’t see Chilly because he /shelter/himself under Kudjo.
![](image13_65b8f07a929da500074478ff_jpg.jpeg)
EXERCISE 8
Найдите ошибки в 7 предложениях:
1 We walking home yesterday when a big fat rat ran into Kudjo.
2 He breaked his leg last winter in a skating-rink.
3 Kudjo was walking me in the park when you called.
4 We are having grilled meat or fish almost every day in summer.
5 Kudjo is try to find something to eat now.
6 When we were on a sea holiday, Kudjo sleeped in the fresh air.
7 Where did you flew last June?
8 I didn’t bought anything for my pet yesterday
9 They were arguing very loudly when Kudjo started barking at them.
Кстати, если вы помните, мы используем Present Continuous с маркером always, чтобы показать недовольство. То же самое происходит в Past Continuous. Например, He always splashes water while drinking звучит нейтрально, а вот He was always splashing water показывает, что нас это раздражает.
EXERCISE 9
Определите в каких предложениях лучше поставить Past Continuous, чтобы выразить недовольство, а где лучше просто Past Simple.
1 Kudjo always / jump/ and /run/ around when he was little.
2 Kudjo always /roll/ in the dirt when he was a puppy!
3 Little Kudjo always /jump/ onto big dogs and they didn’t like it!
4 Little Kudjo always /run/ to everyone to kiss them.
5 Kudjo always /whine/ when he was alone!
6 When Kudjo was little, he always /tear/ new sheets!
7 Kudjo always /ask/ me to let him out when it was necessary.
8 Kudjo always /steal/ food from the table!
9 Kudjo always /smile/ when he was a puppy.
EXERCISE 10
Отметьте правильный вариант:
1 He ***** what to do. He is a clever dog.
a is knowing
b knowed
c knows
2 Kudjo ***** when a mosquito bit him.
a was sleeping
b is sleeping
c slept
3 Kudjo ***** a cat while the cat ***** a rat.
a is chasing/chases
b was chasing/was chasing
c chases/chases
4 Kudjo the piano, but he wants to.
a doesn’t play
b wasn’t playing
c didn’t play
5 At 3 am yesterday Kudjo ***** a dream about the planet of Akita dogs.
a had
b was having
c is having
6 Kudjo *****,***** and ***** away.
a came /was looking around/ran
b was coming/was looking around/ran
c came/looked around/ran
7 Kudjo ***** with a bulldog when somebody splashed water over them.
a was fighting
b fought
c is fighting
8 Kudjo ***** on the window sill to enjoy the blizzard outside.
a lies
b is lying
c lied
9 Kudjo ***** about his birthday and was very surprised to see a cake with 8 candles.
a wasn’t remembering
b doesn’t remember
c didn’t remember
EXERCISE 11
Переведите предложения, используя Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple и Past Continuous:
1 Когда Куджо очень голодный, он вылизывает свою миску до блеска.
2 Когда Куджо был маленький, он часто играл с большими собаками в догонялки.
3 Куджо не любит грязь и лужи, потому что ненавидит мыть лапы после прогулки.
4 Вчера в это время Куджо лежал на диване и слушал классическую музыку.
5 Он проснулся, потянулся и посмотрел на меня.
6 Начался дождь в то время, когда мы гуляли вдоль реки.
7 Почему он идет так медленно? – Потому что он не хочет идти домой сейчас.
8 Пока Куджо гулял, я сидела на скамейке и читала книгу.
9 Что Куджо делал, когда ты вернулся домой? – Он лежал перед дверью и ждал.
Unit 6
Past Simple and Past Continuous, Used to
Основная разница между этими двумя временами заключается в том, что одно из них завершенное Past Simple и отвечает на вопрос что сделал, а другое несовершенное Past Continuous и может отвечать на вопрос что делал.
В одном предложении Past Continuous выражает длительный процесс, который был прерван действием в Past Simple.
Например, When we were playing football, Kudjo caught the ball and bit it through.
EXERCISE 1
Поставьте глагол в форму Past Continuous или Past Simple:
1 At 8 o’clock last night Kudjo /watch/ a new Xmas comedy Dog Home Alone.
2 Kudjo /eat/ his breakfast when a fly /land/ on his food.
3 While I /read/ a new book, Kudjo /lie/ next to me and /listen/.
4 When he /run/ after a badger-dog, he /see/ a beautiful bull terrier.
5 Kudjo /lie/ next to the fire-place when I /come/ in.
6 Kudjo /have/ his birthday party when two other dogs /come/ to him.
7 After the walk he /take/ a shower and /go/ to bed.
8 The dogs /bark/ so loudly that all the cats /wake/ up.
9 We /stroll/ in the center when we /meet/ a horse.
10 When he /stand/ near the fountain, Kudjo /see/ a frog.
![](image14_65b8f451929da50007447907_jpg.jpeg)
EXERCISE 2
Поставьте глагол в форму Past Continuous или Past Simple, обращая внимание на то, как меняется форма глагола в ответе в зависимости от вопроса:
1 What were the dogs doing when I called you? – They /eat/.
2 What did they do when I called you? – They /stop/ eating.
3 Where was Kudjo running when I saw him? – He /run/ to the pet shop.
4 What did Kudjo do when I saw him? – He /run/ into the shop.
5 What was Kudjo doing when you came in? – He /lie/ in my bed.
6 What did Kudjo do when you came in? – He /jump/ off the bed immediately.
7 Where were the dogs going when a cat met them? – They /go/ to the cafe.
8 Where did the dogs go when a cat met them? – They /run/ after the cat
9 What were you doing when Kudjo woke up? – I /have/ my morning coffee.
10 What did you do when Kudjo woke up? – I /go/ for a walk with him.
EXERCISE 3
Придумайте что произошло, когда Куджо остался один дома, и закончите предложения:
1 Kudjo was looking for something tasty when…
2 Kudjo was trying to reach the shelf with treats when…
3 Kudjo was playing computer games when…
4 Kudjo was listening to an audiobook when…
5 Kudjo was rollerblading around the flat when…
6 Kudjo was trying to catch a fly when…
7 Kudjo was lighting candles when…
8 Kudjo was playing with his ball when…
9 Kudjo was barking and whimpering when…
10 Kudjo was waiting for me to come when…
EXERCISE 4
Поставьте нужный глагол в правильной форме Past Continuous или Past Simple: learn (2), play, slip, get, leave, bump (2), begin, chase, find, run
1 Kudjo ***** on the ice while he was crossing the street.
2 It ***** to rain when we were wandering around.
3 Kudjo ***** hide-and-seek with himself when I found him under the table.
4 What happened while Kudjo ***** a rat last night?
5 The rat ***** into a cat and the cat ***** into Kudjo.
6 While we were walking in the park, Kudjo ***** a huge bone.
7 While I ***** Doggish, Kudjo ***** English.
8 As soon as it ***** dark, we decided to return home.
9 A cat ***** away when it saw Kudjo coming up.
10 Just as we ***** home, Kudjo remembered to take the key.
Не забудьте о глаголах состояния, которые не используются в форме Continuous. Это правило касается и Past Continuous и эти глаголы мы ставим в форму Past Simple, даже если очень хочется показать процесс:
appear (= казаться), believe, belong, cost, look (= выглядеть), forget, hate, have (=обладать), know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see (=видеть, понимать), seem, smell (= пахнуть), sound, suppose, taste (= быть на вкус), think (= по мнению), understand, want, etc.
EXERCISE 5
Переведите эти глаголы и напишите рядом форму, в которой они могут использоваться– Simple (S) или Continuous (C):
For example,
видеть – see -S
1 знать —
2 сидеть —
3 нюхать —
4 понимать —
5 стоять —
6 хотеть —
7 смотреть-
8 помнить —
9 пить —
10 ненавидеть —
EXERCISE 6
Поставьте глагол в правильное время Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous:
1 Kudjo /stand/ on the top of the mountain when he /see/ an eagle.
![](image15_65b8f587929da5000744790c_jpg.jpeg)
2 Kudjo hardly ever /stay/ alone. He /need/ to know I am next to him even when he /sleep/.
3 Last morning he /wake/ up very early, /run/ around the flat, /rattle/ his empty bowl and /sit/ down in front of my bed.
4 This time yesterday Kudjo /sleep/ and /have/ sweet dreams.
5 Kudjo /learn/ the Cattish language now.
6 Kudjo occasionally /eat/ raw meat and he /enjoy/ it.
7 Kudjo /dig/ a deep pit when somebody /bite/ on the nose.
8 Kudjo /see/ a new French bulldog and /come/ up to say hello.
9 Kudjo /watch/ a cartoon about cats when the light /go/ off. It /make/ him furious.
10 Stop barking! You always /bark/ at our neighbor’s dog!
В английском языке есть оборот used to, который обозначает постоянное и регулярное действие или состояние в прошлом. Глагол в такой форме выполняет функцию глагола в Past Simple, но отличается тем, что подчеркивает то, что это действие относилось к прошлому и сейчас все по-другому: When he was little, he used to destroy all his toys. Now he takes care of them.
Кстати, оборот used to не используется для цепочки действий и для действия, которое произошло только один раз, в отличии от глагола в Past Simple.
EXERCISE 7
Перефразируйте слова Куджо, используя оборот used to:
For example,
We are not friends with Chilly anymore. – We used to be friends when we were puppies.
![](image16_65b8fc29929da50007447931_jpg.jpeg)
1 I don’t eat carrots anymore.
2 I don’t taste everything I see anymore.
3 I don’t sleep in my mum’s bed anymore.
4 I don’t tear sheets anymore.
5 I don’t chase cats anymore.
6 I don’t whimper anymore.
7 I don’t lick everyone that I meet anymore.
8 I don’t steal mittens and gloves anymore.
9 I don’t like fireworks anymore.
10 I don’t smile all the time anymore.
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы оборота used to строятся точно так же, как и для глагола в Past Simple при помощи вспомогательного глагола did:
He used to smile a lot.
Did he use to smile much?
He didn’t use to smile much.
EXERCISE 8
Напишите что вы раньше делали/не делали, используя глаголы-подсказки и оборот used to:
For example,
eat
I used to eat a lot of ice-cream, but now I don’t mind.
I didn’t use to like soup, but now I do like it.
1 eat
2 like
3 go
4 watch
5 listen to
6 hate
7 have
8 spend
9 use
10 play
EXERCISE 9
Поставьте глагол в форму Past Simple, Past Continuous, used to в воспоминаниях Куджо:
![](image17_65b8fc6e929da50007447935_jpg.jpeg)
I /run/ and /jump/ a lot when I was a little puppy. I /have/ too long legs and every time I /fall/ down when I /run/ very fast. But I never /whimper/. I /have/ a friend named Chilly. We /do/ everything together. We even /eat/ and /sleep/ together. But once we /have/ a row and /stop/ being friends forever. How it /happen/? Well, we /have/ fun in our yard when suddenly that beautiful Malinois /run/ up to us and… it was the end of our friendship. We /become/ rivals as soon as we /see/ her. Of course, she /choose/ me, which /make/ me happy and proud. But I /lose/ my best friend, which /make/ me feel upset.
EXERCISE 10
Поставьте к каждому маркеру соответствующее время или несколько времен Present Simple (PS), Present Continuous (PC), Past Simple (Past S), Past Continuous (Past C):
1 at 2 pm yesterday
2 always
3 ago
4 while
5 at the moment
6 usually
7 now
8 occasionally
9 often
10 in 2023
EXERCISE 11
Отметьте правильный вариант:
1 Kudjo ***** clumsy when he was a little puppy.
a used to be
b was being
c is
2 Kudjo ***** over a fence when he got stuck there.
a jumped
b was jumping
c used to jump
3 Kudjo ***** when he was left alone.
a whimpers
b used to whimper
c is whimpering
4 Kudjo ***** a lot of stray dogs in the center of the city.
a use to meet
b met
c was meeting
5 Kudjo ***** to play frisbee.
a is wanting
b used to want
c wants
6 Kudjo *****when he hurt his paws.
a wasn’t crying
b didn’t cry
c didn’t used to cry
7 What ***** on Sundays when Kudjo was little?
a were you doing
b do you do
c did you use to do
8 Where ***** when Kudjo was little?
a do you live
b were you living
c did you use to live
9 While I ***** online meeting, Kudjo was making faces behind me.
a had
b was having
c used to have
10 Kudjo ***** his eyes and ears when fireworks went off.
a is closing
b was closing
c closed
EXERCISE 12
Переведите предложения, используя Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, used to:
1 Куджо никогда не боялся фейерверков в детстве, но сейчас очень боится.
2 Вчера в это время мы шли по зимнему лесу, когда вдруг увидели лося.
3 Пока я работала, Куджо сидел рядом и ждал.
4 Раньше мы часто ходили гулять на Красную площадь, но сейчас мы живем далеко от центра.
5 Время от времени Куджо становится очень упрямым и делает странные вещи.
6 Он сейчас сидит перед своей миской и с нетерпением ждет ужина.
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