Текст книги "In what, how and for what liberty is acting?"

In what, how and for what liberty is acting?

Rest only dreams us.

Alexander Blok

Liberty – the sister of chaos.

There is no liberty without aspiration, and aspiration – without discontent by yourself.

Chapter 1

The affiliation and mission of liberty in life of the human.

Debate goes no one thousand years about concept of liberty. However the sense of liberty is still unclear, treatments are unilaterally or they are unconvincing.

Someone understands it as will, others extend this concept to the natural phenomena, third tie her to a human choice, fourth connect it with necessity, fifth believe that human liberty depends entirely on society and by society is defined, sixth in general deny liberty replacing it by predetermination, the seventh rely in everything on God etc.

Let's give some definitions of liberty.

Liberty – the idea reflecting such relation of the subject to own actions at whom he is their defining reason, and they immediately are not caused by natural, social, interpersonal-communicative and individual-patrimonial factors.

Here liberty is at first an idea, then it is the relation and, finally, it is the reason. Whether not too there are a lot of heterogeneous concepts? Outwardly all it seems very reasonable in this definition, but it is reduced to the human who is considered by the reason of liberty. It and is so clear. But that such is available in the human that he became by the reason of liberty does not reveal.

Liberty is domination over circumstances competently.

Here liberty is the knowledge thanks to which everything has to turn out. And if knowledge does not help, what, liberty will disappear? The knowledge, information is some conditions for manifestation of liberty, but conditions are not so sufficient. The knowledge can be both without the use and with the inadequate use.

Besides, there is no action in knowledge – in itself it is dead: information without use turns into a warehouse. The knowledge, in principle, cannot be the complete, and the person substantially has it as misinformation, following which he comes to crash. Here more likely circumstances dominate over us, and the person – their victim. Not for nothing speak: "A lot of knowledge – many afflictions".

Liberty is an ability to make a choice on the basis of distinguishing of good and evil.

This definition of liberty too approves priority of knowledge for liberty, only no dealings, and certain moral categories that, in itself, is the whole problem. Still nobody knows of it. Something seems by evil for some people, it's the same – good for others. What is here liberty! Anybody has no such ability and cannot has at least because in our world all life is based on an antagonism, and for the person the purpose, the aspiration of his rival cannot be good in any way and often promises to him death. The abstract good or the evil does not exist.

Liberty is possibility of manifestation by the subject of will on the basis of understanding of laws of development of the nature and society.

In this definition to knowledge about which was told above, will as a certain effort for the aid to knowledge is added. To realize even, it seems, the correct laws though in many cases, the laws formulated by limited people, at all no truth, and the delusion, for example, laws of social development, is not enough for their adequate application. Therefore similar application of will on the basis of laws can lead not to liberty, and to bondage that in the history was happening too often, especially in Russia.

On the other hand, if as will to understand realized desire of the person and his ability to conscious management of the acts in decision-making process for achievement of the goals coinciding with its motives, or objectified requirements, as well as that will – a product partly the genetic, partly bringing up by a surrounding medium, will, as well knowledge, cannot be by the cause of acts of the person. Will is more additional motivation, it induces the person to act to some persistence, determination, initiative, but she on herself or in a combination to knowledge instead of liberty can send the person to slavery to a subject or idea to which it forces him to go, will forces the person to make acts according to the chosen purpose, i.e. is not free, and forced. Not it accepts final decisions, it only promotes their achievement. Will generally is not a product of consciousness, and it is a product of the instincts and surrounding medium and will has not the direct relation, in particular, to conscious management of circumstances. Will may serve in the basic for overcoming of obstacles on the way to the purpose. Will aspires to outside, and liberty cannot be outside of the person – it is not a gift. Will maintains activity of the person or suppresses it, but does not define. Therefore it is necessary to will to add liberty as self-defining category in actions of the person. And it turns again that liberty at all does not coincide neither with will nor with knowledge and that it such – is unclear.

Liberty is that allows to the person according to his purposes to manipulate by the subjects of the outside world.

Liberty is already the deputy of God in this definition permitting to the person to live, but as well as God, it is not known what. There is no as such a definition.

Liberty is existence of possibility of a choice of options of an outcome of an event. Lack of a choice of options of an outcome of an event is equivalent to absence of liberty.

In this case "unhappy" liberty gets to dependence from a choice. You will choose not so or you do not see a choice, so there is no liberty at you? Here liberty is put in dependence on external circumstances. At such liberty the human would differ nothing from the computer which, besides, is able to choose better.

Liberty is one of types of manifestation of the randomness directed by a free will (intention of will, conscious liberty) or the stochastic law (unpredictability of an outcome of an event, unconscious liberty), i.e. something opposite to necessity.

Here liberty is arbitrariness grasped by will. If liberty is opposite of necessity, people could not create accidentally the whole civilization and much that in it make not accidental, but consciously and purposefully. Much of what people do based on their needs which arise not randomly. Even desires of the person are not arbitrariness, and proceed from his representations which are formed by an environment.

Liberty is fear releasing the person from all conventionalities of a reality.

This definition reduces liberty to nothing. It is not visible the person in this definition. Being exempted from conventionalities which represent public life, the human is exempted from himself. Liberty to the person is not needed in this case.

Liberty is the person who is projecting freely himself on freely chosen purpose.

Here Sartre strongly went too far, having told three times about liberty, but without having defined it, having noted, however, that liberty and the free person – same. Certainly, without person in our world of liberty does not exist, but that after all forces the human "to project himself on freely chosen purpose"? Perhaps it also is the liberty? Sartre did not give the answer on this question

It is curious that there is no precise definition of liberty. All of these authors of definitions of liberty "beat around the bush". The feeling is created that they define liberty like blind palpating different parts of an elephant: one, touching a trunk, says that the elephant is similar to a snake, another, feeling a foot, claims that the elephant reminds a column.

All these vague ideas of liberty point out that their authors do not know to what it can belong that it is actually and what is its mission.

All these ideas of liberty are fragmentary, chaotic, often false, in places are superficial. At best they snatch out the separate sides of liberty, but these ideas are not able to clarify its true substance.

If to understand liberty literally – as domination over circumstances, even the Lord can have no such liberty, not that the person.

What is it such? How liberty came from? For what it is necessary?

If not to go far, and try to remember national songs in which aspiration of the person to liberty is famous for and the bondage is damned, it is visible that the people understand liberty as aspiration of the person not in prison, and – to the best share. So, people express their dissatisfaction with the fact that there is, and get rid of it involves only by aspiration. Why not to serve by popular wisdom in quality of the basis for definition of liberty?

However, it seems to people that liberty is somewhere outside. But there can be, at best, only the purpose of an aspiration which can be reached or maybe not. Where here is liberty? Liberty does not coincide with the purpose. And here the person has an aspiration always because the aspiration is a conscious desire. Show me of the person who wishes nothing. Even before death the person has desire not to die if his life was good and he got used to it, or when becomes absolutely unbearable, he seeks to die somewhat quicker so long as not to suffer.

Outside much that is: wind, the woods, mountains, other people. It is possible to climb, of course, on the mountain, having set to yourself such purpose. Only, here, liberty there you will not find.

From here it is clear that liberty can be only in the human head which ponders where is better and where is worse, and aspires to the best, without being satisfied by the worst. If the person almost is satisfied with everything and especially does not aspire anywhere, any liberty provided to him from outside, will frighten and irritate him only because it can destroy his insignificant wellbeing. Low level of consciousness, as a rule, does not demand release, and wishes calm and the patronage.

If to address to the analysis, for comprehension of that such actually is liberty it is required to resolve two issues at first: about affiliation of liberty and its true mission.

Nobody will start to object that the highest creation of beingness is conscious beings.

The universe is deadened and becomes at once unnecessary without them. It is possible to argue, from where consciousness undertook. However it is clear that as though avaricious it was not expressed into people, any consciousness as creating formation represents appearance of something larger.

Consciousness, as a matter of fact, presents to the person the world as it can because all human ideas about a surrounding medium initially are given by feelings. Human feelings, despite addition to them of various devices, are very limited in the opportunities. They bear, apparently, only some part of information on the world surrounding us. This part in the processed form also remains at us. It turns out in this regard that the broached object turns into subject, i.e. the person forms own reality on the basis of given him. If all its sensors-feelings gave him other information on the world, and the world would be absolutely other and the person would turn into another being.

However the main thing is that the person, operating, is capable so to process the received information that from it is taken a new to him and the person can use this new for the activity, again producing a new by method of trials and errors.

At this he uses own saved internal resources in the form of memory, results of communication, education, skills, experience, the developed representations, ideas, the continuous operation of the analytical-synthetic centers, imagination with participation of all sphere of feelings. This process proceeds more consciously, and it is not simply reflective. In other words, people, uniting, change the world and themselves together with it. Even not so important, in what direction go these changes, how important that they generally go.

Despite all human achievements, all of us do not imagine yet, than actually we possess and that stands behind consciousness.

It is improbable that knowledge of consciousness will become much more, at least because it is external expression of formations from other worlds about which we know nothing and we learn nothing in our "lowest" world, but, anyway, thanks to representation of these worlds here each person by his particle-consciousness, small, imperceptible, but key not only here, but also everywhere, is attached to the world of reason, creativity and development.

Then a key link and in our world is consciousness.

You can object: and here consciousness if to correlate it to liberty. Here, for example, the person was put in prison. After all he was deprived of liberty? Well then, external forces operate by human liberty. It seems that it is real so. However if to ponder, it is visible that each person is in some kind of prison from own acts, illusions, a restraint by the relations with other people, natural, household and other circumstances, in a word, this prison – beingness. And from it cannot escape. On the other hand, the person appear into the same real prison, as a rule, because of own mistakes, shortcomings, decisions which were born in due time generally quite freely and "with skill" in the head of a convict and you can blame in received prison term of only himself. It turns out that, at least, some absolutely free decisions, for example, by nonsense, excessive self-confidence or thoughtlessness can lead to fatal consequences. Well then, the source of liberty is after all in the head, in consciousness, but not at the uncle outside. Same means that liberty – it is not always remarkable, and often absolutely on the contrary. Same means that liberty assumes response to the terminating action. Consciousness has to foresee this reaction, i.e. to be responsible, or to be ready to assume all consequences of the decision.

Thus, consciousness can be different in level, be manifested individually, but it has to possess a number of properties, have ability to pass from one state into another because in the conditions of human life it is squeezed by various restrictions of the material and public existence from all directions.

In other words, the free creature, almost inexpressible for us, – soul – getting into so restricted framework of human existence, anyway cannot but keep the free spirit in this or that form that depends from its own level of development. Besides, ability to go out beyond the ordinary, beyond a framework of any order is necessary to it for revealing still unknown, for creation of new for itself and for others and, at the same time, for own updating, recognition, change and further development without what soul actually has nothing to do here.

The development process for soul is everything. Therefore liberty of initial, still undeveloped soul is a choice of that human life which corresponds to the level of development reached by soul, i.e. that she does not know yet, did not test and, at the same time, that she is capable to realize and overcome. Liberty of soul is also its aspiration to that to it more on temper and that she wants more. But its liberty – and this is main thing – is rooted in that she comparing herself with her close souls, sees own drawbacks, omissions, weaknesses, and dissatisfaction by own state leads soul to research of opportunities for elimination of own shortcomings visible by it.

To be exempted completely from that soul already saved up and learned in other lives, in order to avoid helps from there, withdrawal from planned aside, soul before transition to our measurement and before the new birth in a body blocks own "I", being born as if "blank sheet", ready to new tasks, new tests, new decisions in the independent existence as the person with pure consciousness.

There is as if a falling of soul from "high spheres" into our "rough" world which during all human life will resist to soul. For soul – the self-consciousness which remained at her, liberty which is rooted in her, oppose her, more precisely, her consciousness – all other world and most of all same as her the people having own consciousness and own purposes sometimes coinciding with its purposes, and frequent – contradicting them. As far as she "will rise" or "will fall" in this world, or will reconcile to it, as her consciousness and will change.

Anyway, this voluntary solution of soul in the pure consciousness to oppose herself to our awful world, limiting own primordial liberty, it is necessary to respect. It is not so important that will turn out at soul as it is important that she does it in order to not stand still. It will turn out once.

All people around are the same clear first consciousnesses which subject itself voluntary to temptations, offenses, fears of the antagonistic world built on the mutual devouring of each other and the only thing that at them is – it is liberty built in their consciousness, i.e. aspiration as much as forward, to new. At many of them delusion are so great that them consider as villains, but they with time, having learned that such villainy, will wash away in other lives guilt by great feats or great victims.

Thus, consciousness has to possess by possibility of an exit out of limits of any established order. Otherwise it cannot on own essence, and if to assume that such opportunity disappears, consciousness walks away like as it leaves the person at the moment of his death.

It is clear that without the possibility of going beyond any order consciousness can not to act, and so to consciousness, and more, in fact, no one in the known world, must belong this possibility of release, or just liberty.

From here follows that the mission of liberty consists in providing for consciousness of continuous development in a rigid grip of the material world in shape of being replaced carriers of consciousness whom we are, mortal people, unlike consciousness – external manifestation of immortal soul.

Liberty is not some spare part which has been built in consciousness. Liberty is not domination over circumstances, and it is natural state of consciousness, aggregate of its aspirations which have been caused initially by its dissatisfaction by itself, and aspirations of consciousness can have the different nature – as internal, not having the apparent reasons, and external which is dictated by this or that necessity.

Soul, consciousness in the world cannot have absolute liberty not connected by anything because soul always is in development, and achievement of absolute liberty, when there is no obstacles which should be overcome, is the end any development.

Therefore, in the presence of consciousness in the person if, for example, he not in fainting, the person is always free, i.e. he always has these or those aspirations which forcibly or naturally are not imposed to him. However the person does not swim in free waves of ether, he lives, and from all directions the person is subjected to the pressure as purely physical factors, and the public environment which "imposes with their flags" of the person.

Everyone and everything try to devour with each other in the nature, something similar not literally, but occurs in the human society.

Life human is worth little, it is short, imperfect, occupied, except, actually, survival, as a rule, trifles, livelihood problems, aspiration to bypass the neighbor, to snatch out a slice of the power, money, glories, honors or, at least, the calm. That was yesterday, is forgotten today.

All this would be similar to children's game if not the mass of troubles and sufferings which accompany all these short lives, and do not rescue from them neither money, nor honor, glory, anything.

The number of people on Earth grows, the overwhelming part them lives worse than animals. The allocated smaller part prospers outwardly, and actually it decays, parasitizing on the others. And they will be responsible for it and it will be a shame to them before itself. But at them will be, and not one, opportunity to wash away guilt.

Here the free and pure before soul gets to what conditions, being manifested in the human in the form of consciousness that actually and does him by a reasonable entity.

As it is paradoxical, namely resisting, hostile environment is necessary to soul and, so human consciousness. Only initial souls act in our imperfect world. They as children of loving parents in the kind world do not know sorrow or evil, and in general they imagine a little what it is actually. And, the same as to children, it is impossible them to sit eternally at loving parents, and just as grown, but still unreasonable children go to life willy-nilly souls go to us over here. Only, unlike people, they don't die after vital drudgeries, diseases, hunger, wars, simply an old age, and come back into own world in order to appreciate own deeds – that they, free creations, did in this inconsistent world where necessity dominates?

And they come back to correct what they have done earlier, in another shape, but with the same soul which is eager of changes.

It is clear from here that consciousness possesses both internal and external liberty. Internal, or as at us speak, creative liberty can be boundless, more precisely, it is limited only to opportunities of the individual consciousness, the level reached by it; external liberty – is defined, on the one hand, by environment, on the other hand, by already reached level of consciousness of the individual.

Consciousness by one own part, more precisely, in one state, plans the purposes, creates projects, in another state it tries to plan a liberate of path to these projects, and will, in the form of a combination of instinctive and natural qualities, fruits of education, tutoring and desires creates the necessary tension, effort, induces the person to action to reach a goal.

These purposes can be to ridiculous insignificant, shallow, pathetic, selfish, negatively directional, but can be and noble, great, disinterested. Actually, the reached consciousness level is also defined by quality of the purpose. And in the depth the consciousness knows that it is actually, on what it is capable, that is not enough for it and, respectively, it is distressed or proud of itself and makes plans of the further perfecting.

In other words, liberty is that state of consciousness which, proceeding from a dissatisfaction with itself, highlights the space which is necessary for conducting of prepared by consciousness of projects in another state, partially compensated this dissatisfaction, and will as a derivative by nature and education-tutoring the part of the person, upon command of consciousness induces the person to action, to overcoming by him revealed and unexpected obstacles to the purpose.

Thereby the project or a piece, or still something, conceived by consciousness in the corresponding state of reflection or creation is as though delivered upon the "corridor" revealed by consciousness and liberated by the human according to the plan of this liberation, prepared by consciousness in the state of destruction of possible obstacles, to a place of its realization where the person starts acting, whether it be construction of the house or writing poem, receiving certain satisfaction temporarily.

Without the free state of consciousness, i.e. a state of a dissatisfaction with itself, demanding other – changes, motion forward; without creation of conditionswhich are necessary for these changes in the form of plans of overcoming of obstacles for prepared by consciousness earlier in its conceiving state of the project; without the will inducing the person, having overcome the obstacles, specified to him by consciousness in the free state, to start carrying out the project; development as person, and his soul, consciousness would not be possible.

The dissatisfaction of consciousness defining main aspirations of the person is not feeling of some discontent, type – the eyelash got to an eye, – and understanding by soul of own imperfection. Created in a conceiving state by consciousness projects simply would "hover" in it, if there is no this dissatisfaction that provides aspiration to achievement of a goal which consciousness have thought by necessary at present, and will induces the person to go on the planned way to the purpose, overcoming or bypassing obstacles. And the purposes appear in consciousness only thanks to its eternal dissatisfaction with itself, and, so, by aspiration to change themselves through the reality.

Thus, in the human during this process of implementation of the project, the commit of an act or an action are combined under the auspices of consciousness liberty, necessity and will.

Procedure of manifestation of liberty state of consciousness is such. At first consciousness reflects existence only that environment which corresponds to its aspiration based, in turn, for example, on a certain unsatisfied requirement, scanning everything around. However before it consciousness into itself fixes this dissatisfaction, creating on the basis of representations available for it an image of that it would like. This image can be very indistinct, but exactly it specifies the direction of motion. Therefore consciousness scans environmental space finding suitable subjects or situations. If it finds them, it uses anyway if is not present, then consciousness defines obstacles to the created image of aspiration and a way of their elimination. Will it succeed in human actions to achieve the desired – is another question. But, actually, the issue is already resolved in consciousness. This picture shows work of liberty of consciousness of the person in his practical actions.

We try in this work to clarify problem of liberty, considering that it does not exist outside individual consciousness which is formed only in community of reasonable individuals, depends on the level of consciousness of the specific individual who is in concrete community and, thus, we believe that the individual is free so, how high the consciousness level acquired by him.

In turn, level of consciousness is defined by a time factor, i.e. by events in which the understanding subject participates. Therefore liberty as a state of consciousness concerning the outside world on an initial stage of development of human communities, practically, was not manifested – reigned necessity of a survival. Then the conscious subject started understanding that environment surrounding him with existing cycles and conversions gives in to transformation, human communities start changing environment, forming own reality, reorganizing, changing order surrounding him in which the person has an opportunity to doubt, choose, project, work, moving ahead or rolling away back.

Eventually technological development of a civilization leads the person to understanding of the power over the nature with particular release from its fetters. The mankind gets an opportunity cardinally to change living conditions, its number grows. It seems, as well human liberty has to grow. However it appears that level of technological development, i.e. the external is not defining for growth of the liberty of the person. Social relations, having expanded the range of a choice of life opportunities of the person in comparison with archaic society and having brought him up to a democratic choice of a social system, narrowed an individual choice of the person up to that limit at which he is capable only to exist but not fully to live in the framework of a consumer society allocated to him. Each person perfectly realizes that to develop potentially the free consciousness, the aspirations to the outside which are formed at him all the time, to him practically nowhere.

So the declared liberty, apparently, provided by society to the person is illusory, and he is capable although often and wishes otherwise, to the little. It once again proves that liberty does not come from outside, and depends, first of all, from internal state of the person and according to the society consisting from people which (the society) on this basis is formed.

Apparently, the problem of liberty is more complex, than it is represented originally.

Liberty at all is not direct property of a universe, the nature. On the contrary, rigorous laws which, in particular, control existence and development of the material worlds and various measurements act there, without allowing them to collapse. And ratio of uncertainties only speaks about level of our comprehension of a reality, but not about existence at a universe of a free will, the liberty of actions.

Liberty did not exist nor up to a universe or up to God, as, for instance, considered N. A. Berdyaev.

Two assumptions can be here.

The first consists that if by the act of creation from Nothingness was created the world (Berdyaev trusts in this) that, as we know, neither life, nor the human, at first was not in this world. Liberty is not necessary to a lifeless matter, a lifeless matter is "satisfied" by an order of own movement. And who needs in the lifeless matter which is not aware itself how that if only the lifeless matter is a basis for something else? From where then liberty undertook in our world? So, it together with the person was created by God who has created before it organic life which he did not give liberty too. So in this case Berdyaev's reasons concerning the pristine of liberty, its emergence from a chasm, from Nothingness look unconvincing.

The second assumption consists that it is impossible to make something from Nothingness. Well then, this something existed, in our comprehension of time, always. At such assumption if everything including mind were always, God as Prime Creator is not necessary. Well then, and liberty existed always but it was not at the nature which conscious is not inherent, and liberty was at mind. [1]

The first assumption concerning emergence of all reality, which is typical for the bound, religious consciousness, relies only on influence from outside, on a miracle and looks unconvincing.