Текст книги "Английский язык для студентов экономических специальностей"

Unit 2
Demand and Supply

Грамматика и лексика:

1. Причастия I и II (повторение)

2. Слова some, the same

3. Значения слова as и сочетаний с ним

4. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, сравнительные конструкции

5. Числительные

Задание на дом № 1

1. В разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» проработайте § 2, 3, 5, 10 и 29.

2. Отработайте чтение числительных и употребление связанных с ними слов.

а) В экономических текстах часто встречаются цифровые показатели и выражения с числительными. Давайте научимся правильно произносить их по-английски.

У простых дробей в числителе указывается количественное числительное, а в знаменателе – порядковое. Если числитель больше 1, знаменатель употребляется во множественном числе. Например – one– fourth; ²/₃ – two-thirds.

Прочитайте простые дроби: ³/₄, ¹/₆, ³/₈, ¹/₅

б) В десятичных дробях после целых чисел ставится не запятая, а точка, которая читается point. Например: 1.53 – one point fifty-three.

Прочитайте десятичные дроби:

3.71; 83.12; 17.4; 20.5; 11.33

в) Когда речь идет об изменении каких-либо показателей, то по– русски говорят увеличился на 3 %. В английском языке предлогу на соответствует предлог by. Например: grew by 3 percent[2]2
  Встречается как слитное написание слова процент – percent, так и раздельное – per cent.


[Закрыть],

Скажите по-английски:

возрос на 1,7 %; уменьшился (decreased) на 8 %; возрос на ¹/₃; уменьшился на ²/₅.; возрос на 25 %; уменьшился на 30,1%

г) Русскому обороту в… раз соответствует английское слово… times без предлога. Например: уменьшился в два раза– decreased two times.

Скажите по-английски:

уменьшился в три раза; увеличился в четыре раза; уменьшился во много раз; увеличился в пять раз

д) Часто говорят увеличился (уменьшился) с… до… – increased (decreased) from… to…

Скажите по-английски:

уменьшился с 102 % в 1988 г. до 57 % в 1997 г.; увеличился с 40 тысяч тонн в 1991 г. до 42 тысяч тонн в 1998 г.; увеличился с $24 500 в 1996 г. до $24 650 в 1997 г.

3. Образуйте причастия I и II от следующих глаголов, назовите их русские эквиваленты:

to work, to allocate, to limit, to analyze, to say, to make, to produce, to study, to buy, to sell, to give

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции причастий:

1. Exports are goods and services sold to other countries.

2. In free market economies changes in price are never results of regulations imposed by governments.

3. Imposing some restrictions on food prices, governments make it possible for all the people to buy enough food.

4. The 3.8 billion (миллиард) people of the world in the early 1970s had about 20 percent more to eat than the 2.7 billion living 20 years earlier.

5. Knowing that their resources are limited, people make a decision how to allocate them in the best possible way (наилучшим образом).

6. The government can regulate monopolies controlling the prices or supplying the products itself.

5. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий и переведите их на русский язык:

a) large, old, few, new; high, poor, low;

b) good, bad, little, many;

c) important, reliable, effective, difficult, limited, developed, popular;

d) effectively, soon, successfully, quickly, often, slowly, much, well

6. Переведите текст Demand and Supply и отработайте его чтение.

7. Выделите в тексте причастные обороты и причастия I и II.

TEXT

Demand and Supply

Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price[3]3
  each price – зд. любая цена.


[Закрыть]. Other things equal[4]4
  other things equal – при прочих равных условиях.


[Закрыть], at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.

Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.

The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.

There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.

An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will at the same time raise the demanded quantity.

As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.

As to supply, some factors are assumed[5]5
  are assumed – рассматриваются, принимаются.


[Закрыть] as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices.

Government regulates demand and supply imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.

Запомните!

some – какой-то, несколько, некоторые

the same – тот же самый, такой же

* * *

as – так как; по мере того как; в качестве; как

as well – тоже также

as well as – так же как и

Запомните!

such as – такой (ая, – ое, – ие) как…

as… as – такой (же)… как

as… as possible – как можно…

not so… as – не такой… как

as to – что касается…

the same as – такой же как…

Словарный минимум к тексту

quantity n количество; размер; величина

buy (bought, bought)v покупать, приобретать

buyer n покупатель

demand v (smth) требовать (что-л.), нуждаться в(чем-л.)

supply n предложение(товара)

excess supply – избыточное, чрезмерное предложение, перенасыщенность рынка

supply v предлагать; снабжать; поставлять

to supply smb with smth поставлять кому-либо что-либо

to supply smth to smb снабжать чем-либо кого-либо

sell (sold, sold) v продаваться

seller n продавец

equilibrium n равновесие, равновесное состояние, положение равновесия

equilibrium price равновесная цена

producer n производитель, изготовитель

consumer n потребитель

consume v потреблять

shortage n дефицит, нехватка, недостаточность предложения(товаров)

raise v повышать; увеличивать; поднимать

surplus n перенасыщение рынка; избыток, излишек

reduce понижать; уменьшать; сокращать

reduction n (in smth) снижение, уменьшение, сокращение (чего-л.)

influence v (smth) оказывать влияние, влиять(на что-л.)

influence n влияние, воздействие

income n доход(ы), прибыль, поступления

increase n (in smth) увеличение, рост, возрастание, прирост(чего-л.)

increase v увеличиваться), повышать(ся); расти; усиливать(ся)

substitute good – товар-заменитель(спрос на который изменяется в противоположном направлении по сравнению со спросом на другой товар, цена на который изменилась)

substitute n (for smth) заменитель (чего-л.)

decrease n (in smth) уменьшение, понижение, снижение(чего-л.)

decrease v уменыпать(ся), снижать(ся), убывать

complement good – товар– дополнение(спрос на который изменяется в том же направлении, что и спрос на некоторые другие товары, цены на которые изменились)

normal good – товар стандартного качества

inferior good – товар низкого качества

rise (rose, risen) v подниматься; увеличиваться; возрастать

fall (fell gel, fallen) v падать; опускаться; понижаться

technology n техника, технология

input n вложение, вводимый ресурс, затраты, инвестиции

input price – цена ресурсов, цена основных средств производства

improvement n улучшение, усовершенствование

improve v улучшать(ся), усовершенствоваться

impose v (on, upon) облагать (налогом, пошлиной кого-л.), налагать(обязательства, штраф)', возлагать(на кого-л.)', навязывать (кому-л.)

private adj частный; личный; собственный

Аудиторная работа № 1

8. Определите по суффиксам, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова:

information, development, situation, growth, productive, productivity, investment, important, agriculture, importance, health, agricultural, industrial, wealth, worker, active, activity

9. Выберите из приведенных ниже слов пары однокоренных глаголов и существительных и переведите их на русский язык.

to fall, consumer, to stabilize, organization, demand, to sell, buyer, influence, to invest, to improve, consumption, fall, improvement, stabilization, to intervene, to organize, investment, seller, to consume, to buy, to demand, increase, to reduce, reduction, to influence, to increase, intervention

10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастные обороты:

1., In East-European countries consumers couldn't get goods, and factories couldn't buy inputs at prices held low by governments.

2. Governments intervene in economies controlling the supply of money, limiting monopolies and helping private industries.

3. An improvement in technology will increase the supply of a good, increasing the quantity supplied at each possible price.

4. Governments regulate economic activities imposing some restrictions.

5. The governments can influence for whom goods are produced, taking income away from some people and giving it to others.

6. The high price for a good is the market mechanism telling suppliers it is now time to increase production.

7. The developing countries hope that the industrial countries will raise imports from the less developed countries imposing tariffs on imports from other industrial countries.

8. Income is money of all kinds coming in regularly to a person, family or organization.

9. Active money is money going from man to man and used by the people in buying and selling goods and services.

10. Reducing our imports, we decrease the exports of others.

11. At prices above equilibrium we have a situation known as excess supply, or surplus.

11. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов.

1. The fashion for miniskirt (increased/ reduced) the demand for textile materials.

2. Even in (some/the same) middle-income countries many people are very poor.

3. Government regulations sometimes (decrease/ impose) a change in (technology/quantity) that producers do not want to use.

4. Stabilization of prices is of great importance to industrial nations (as well as /as well) the Third World countries.

5. Freeing up (освобождение) prices leads to their (decrease/increase).

6. (Inferior/normal) goods are usually low-quality goods for which there are higher-quality (improvements/substitutes) sold at higher prices.

7. A decrease in (complement/input) prices makes the production less expensive.

12. Закончите предложения, использовав сравнительные конструкции со словами than или as.

1. The market is in equilibrium when the demanded quantity is as large…

2. Prices rise when they are not so high…

3. Prices rise when they are lower…

4. We may have excess supply if prices are higher…

5. The demand for inferior goods at high incomes will not be as high…

Задание на дом № 2

13. Вставьте в предложения следующие прилагательные и наречия, образуя соответствующую форму степени сравнения:

high, important (2), many, large, low, effectively, much, great, clear, reliable, strong (2), quickly

1. Command economy relies… on planning than on prices.

2. Knowledge of foreign languages is of… importance now than it was some 40 years ago.

3. The degree of government regulation in present-day Russia is… than in the Soviet Union.

4. Government inter vention in Sweden is as… as in Denmark or, probably…

5. Land quality is… for agriculture than for other industries.

6. If we want to have a… picture of economic life in the country, we must have… information.

7. In the 18th century the… part of national income in… European countries came from import and export tariffs. These days they play a… role.

8. Governments can influence for whom goods are produced… in economies with… levels of government regulation.

9. If other things are equal, this firm will do the work… than the others.

14. а) Русским существительным, обозначающим изменения качества или количества, в английском языке часто соответствует прилагательное в сравнительной степени или причастие II. Например: увеличение цен – higher prices, increased prices; улучшение технологии – better technology, improved technology. Переведите двумя способами следующие словосочетания:

1. повышение доходов; 2. уменьшение спроса; 3. увеличение инвестиций; 4. сокращение рынка; 5. повышение предложения; 6. улучшение технологии; 7. увеличение ресурсов

б) Переведите на русский язык:

1. greater shortage; 2. lower equilibrium price; 3. increased demand; 4. greater influence; 5. decreased input; 6. reduced government intervention; 7. greater restrictions

15. Перепишите предложения, заменяя подчеркнутые придаточные предложения причастными оборотами.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 1: Resources can be a serious factor that limits production. – > Resources can be a serious factor limiting production.

1. Firms that produce computers act as buyers in the markets for the services of computer programmers.

2. A nation's income is the sum of the incomes of ail the people who live in that country.

3. There are several factors that determine a consumer's demand,

4. Individuals, families and governments that consume goods and services are called consumers in economics.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 2: Consumers typically buy a smaller quantity of the good that is sold at a higher price, – > Consumers typically buy a smaller quantity of the good sold at a higher price.

1. Supply restrictions that are imposed by cartels are as characteristic of industrialized economies as of developing economies.

2. Excess supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good that is demanded bv buyers is less than the quantity that is supplied by producers.

3. Society increasing the quantity of one good that is produced at one time typically reduces the quantity of another good that is produced at the same time.

4. Some of the inputs that an individual uses are food, chairs and tables, but another input of great importance is time. The consumer's time is limited, and this time limitation as well as his or her limited income influence the decisions that are made in dav-to-dav life.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 3: When societies act through their governments, they can make decisions on allocation of scarce resources. – > Acting through their governments, societies can make decisions on allocation of scarce resources.

1. When we put demand and supply together, we can determine equilibrium prices and quantities in different markets.

2. When it increases the quantity of one good produced at one time, the society reduces the produced quantity of another good as its resources are scarce.

3. When people consume goods and services, they provide a basis for further production.

4. As they make up a major portion of the national income. US high technology industries dominate and influence almost all other industries in the country.

16. Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо.

1… a mixed economy the government may be a producer… private goods, for example, steel and motor cars.

2. An increase… the price… an input will lead to a reduction… the demand… that input.

3. The firm can sell as much as it wants… the market price.

4. A consumer's tastes and income as well as prices… other goods influence… his or her demand.

5. Consumers almost always respond to an increase… a good's price… a reduction… the quantity… it consumed… them.

6. A change… the supply… a good and… its demand both influence… its equilibrium price.

7. Rupert Murdoch, the media magnate, is planning to supply the services… his network… satellites… Internet development. If Internet is operated… satellites, there will be access… it… televisions and mobile phones, not only… personal computers… the near future.

8… a command economy, plans are imposed… producers… government agencies.

9. Scientists and engineers have been developing substitutes… natural building materials… several past decades.

10. Supplying people… food as well as industry… raw materials, agriculture is… great importance… an economy.

Аудиторная работа № 2

17. а) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Demand and Supply.

1. What is demand?

2. What is supply?

3. When are the demanded and supplied quantities of goods high?

4. How are prices and the supplied and demanded quantities regulated by the market?

5. Which factors influence demand? How do they work?

6. Which factors influence supply?

7. How can governments regulate demand and supply?

б) Подумайте и скажите:

1. How can prices for other goods influence the demand for a good? Supply examples.

2. What inferior goods can you name?

3. What may be the result of imposing ceiling prices?

18. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова some и the same.

At some price, which we call the «equilibrium price», the demanded quantity of a good equals the supplied quantity.

All markets have the same economic function: they form prices equalling the quantities of goods that people wish to buy or to sell.

There has been some rise of income in the past two decades (десятилетия) in developing countries.

A less developed country is the same as a country of the Third World.

An association is an organization formed by the people having the same interests and held together by a system of management.

For the next twenty years the supply of energy will be limited in some sectors of the US economy.

A consumer group is a small group of people living in the same place who study the prices and the quality of consumer goods sold in shops, and make the information known to the public.

An improvement in technology is something that makes it possible for firms to produce more goods with the same quantity of inputs as before.

19. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слова as и сочетаний с ним.

If the rise in prices is very large and quick, the situation is known as hyperinflation.

As to price ceilings, without government regulation and organization they may lead to «black market» as well as other social and economic problems.

Complement goods are those goods which you cannot use one without the other, such as cars and petrol. As the price for petrol rises, the demand for cars reduces.

Only when demand equals supply, people can buy or sell as much as they want.

Harvest failures (неурожаи) are the most important reason for changes in agricultural product supply, but there are other reasons as well.

Attempts to organize supply restrictions in coffee and cocoa have not been so effective as OPEC regulation of quantities of oil sold to other countries.

As the supply increases with an improvement in technology, firms want to produce more at the same price level as before.

Every firm wants to sell as many goods as possible.

20. Составьте все возможные словосочетания из слов в правой и левой колонке и переведите их на русский язык.

price

to influence

improvement

to decrease

quantity, to reduce, to rise, to impose, input, to raise, equilibrium, to fall, private, reduction, substitute

surplus, a seller, technology, input price, a good, a buyer, to raise, supply

decrease, surplus, quantity, to sell, technology, a good

shortage, technology, input price, seller, quantity, surplus, reduction

Задание на дом № 3

21. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова и словосочетания из словарного минимума к тексту Demand and Supply.

1. If the price is higher than the equilibrium one, it will be falling till the equilibrium price is reached and there is no more surplus left. If a good is sold at a price below the equilibrium one, the price will grow and reach the equilibrium price till there is no more shortage of the good left.

2. Governments buy and produce many goods and services, such as defence, education, parks, and roads for firms and individuals.

3. Firms producing computers act as buyers in the markets for the services of computer programmers.

4. Governments, through their control of the quantity of money in the economy, can influence business activity.

5. With a reduction in input prices firms will supply more of a good at each price.

6. Inflation is a rise in the level of prices as demand is higher than supply because of an increase in the supply of money.

7. When there is a harvest failure, the producers' supply will decrease.

8. Supply restrictions imposed by cartels are as characteristic of industrialized economies as of developing economies.

9. Private sector in a mixed economy is that part of the economy that is controlled by private firms, not by government or corporations.

10. Excess supply is a situation in which, at a certain price, the quantity of a good demanded by buyers is less than the quantity supplied by producers.

22. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. По мере того как цена товара растет, требуемое количество его уменьшается.

2. Положение в странах с низким доходом улучшилось с 1965 года.

3. Задача максимальной цены состоит в том, чтобы уменьшить цену для потребителей, а задача минимальной цены заключается в том, чтобы поднять цену для производителей и поставщиков.

4. Увеличение предложения ведет к повышению равновесного количества и понижению равновесной цены.

5. Когда цены будут уменьшены до равновесной цены, не будет товарных излишков.

6. Если цена одного товара падает, а цены других товаров, требуемых потребителем, остаются теми же самыми, то потребитель будет покупать более дешевые товары вместо дорогого товара.

23. а) Раскройте скобки и употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме.

What (to happen) to the equilibrium price of a product when its quantity (to.supply) by producers (to change)? For example, with an improvement in technology of wheat production wheat farmers (to wish) and (to be) able (to supply) more wheat at a given price than they (to do) before. How it (to influence) the equilibrium price? Clearly, it (to fall). But if the weather (to be) poor, the (to supply) quantity of wheat (to decrease). How it (to influence) the equilibrium price? It (to go) up.

In 1984, police officers (to concern) with narcotics consumption in the United States (to show) what a change in (to supply) quantity (can) (to do). There (to be) a massive increase in the quantity of coca production in South America and the quantity of cocaine (to supply) to the United States (to raise) dramatically. The result (to be) a big fall in the price of cocaine. In some parts of the United States, cocaine (to sell) in 1984 for one-half to one-third the price of a year before. One of federal officials (to say): 'At no time in the modem history of international drug control the price of a drug (to drop) by half so quickly"

б) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту.

Аудиторная работа № 3

24. Вставьте в предложения следующие слова в соответствующей форме:

to impose, the same, surplus, to buy, consumer, to rise, to increase, equilibrium price, as well as, to fall, shortage (2), inputs, normal

… are the factors of production (land, labour, capital, materials) that are put into a business to produce goods and services.

When all goods are…, lower consumer income reduces the demanded quantity for all goods.

When the Beatles and Rolling Stones first became popular and the singers wore long hair, the demand for haircuts (стрижка) suddenly….

When income…, the demand for most goods increases. Typically, consumers… more of everything.

At any time, the market price may not be the… leading to excess supply (…) or excess demand (…).

If there is a national food…, a government may… a ceiling price on food so that poor people can buy enough food.

Workers in poor countries having no resources for health and education are often less productive than workers using… technology in rich countries. Aid without higher productivity it is hard… investment in people… in machinery.

Japanese… pay as much as eight world prices for beef (говядина).

25. Вставьте в предложения слово жили сочетания с ним. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The newly industrialized countries… Brazil, Mexico, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, grew twice… quickly… the rich industrialized countries during the 1970s… a group, their share of world exports increased from 3 percent in 1960 to 7 percent in 1987. These countries now play a larger part in the world economy than… countries… Sweden and Australia.

Capitalism is an economic system in which capital belongs to (принадлежит) private persons who are free to carry on business… they wish without any government intervention.

Alfred Marshall (1842–1924) is known… an economist who played an important role in the construction of theories of consumer demand and contributed to many other areas of economics His Principles of Economics written in 1890 was a leading economics book for many years.

26. Сравните следующие статистические данные по выпуску отдельных видов продукции в России в 90-х годах XX века, используя образцы. Составьте как можно больше предложений по каждому образцу.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 1: Car production in 1995 was lower than in 1997.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 2: Sugar beet (сахарная свекла) production in 1998 was not so high as in 1997.

Economic Indicators in Russia

Note: 1. '000 – thousand; 2. mln/t – million tons; 3. bcm – billion cubic metres

27. Прочитайте текст, не пользуясь словарем. Ответьте на вопрос, следующий за текстом.

The Pope and the Price of Fish

It is interesting for a student of economics to learn how demand and supply analysis works in practice.

Until 1966 Roman Catholics were not allowed to eat meat on Fridays and ate fish instead. In 1966 the Pope (Папа Римский) said that Catholics could eat meat on Friday. What do you think happened to the average weekly price and average weekly quantity of consumed fish?

The demand for fish fell as some Catholics who had to eat fish before started eating meat on Friday when they were allowed to do so.

This is a simple example of the effect of a change in tastes (вкусы) on the demand. Economists said that lower demand would lead to lower equilibrium price and the quantity of demanded fish.

Studying reports on fish prices and quantities of sold fish in the United States before and after 1966 we can see that this is what happened.

Do you think tastes are as important for demand as prices of other goods in the markets? Supply examples.

28. Закончите данные ниже предложения, выбрав вариант, соответствующий содержанию прочитанного текста.

In 1966 the Pope said that Catholics…

a) could eat fish on Friday, b) could eat meat every day of the week; c) could eat fish every day of the week.

In 1966, when Catholics were allowed to eat meat on Friday…

a) the demand for fish increased', b) the demand for fish decreased, c) the demand for fish remained the same.

The demand is influenced not only by consumer incomes but also by.. a) the price of other goods in the market, b) improvement in technology, c) consumers' tastes.

As the demand for fish fell…

the equilibrium price fell, too;

the equilibrium price rose',

the equilibrium price remained the same.

29. Измените предложения по образцам в соответствии с содержанием текста The Pope and the Price of Fish.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 1: The demand for fish after 1966 was (high) before 1966. The demand for fish after 1966 was not as high as before 1966.

The demand for meat before 1966 was (high) after 1966.

The quantity of sold fish after 1966 was (great) before 1966.

The quantity of sold meat before 1966 was (great) after 1966.

The price for fish before 1966 was (low) after 1966.

ОБРАЗЕЦ 2: The demand for fish before 1966, after 1966 (high). – > The demand for fish before 1966 was higher than the demand for fish after 1966.

The average weekly price for fish after 1966, before 1966 (low).

The average weekly quantity of consumed fish before 1966, after 1966 (big).

The demand for meat before 1966, after 1966 (low).

The quantity of meat consumed on Friday after 1966, before 1966 (big).

The quantity of fish consumed on Friday after 1966, before 1966 (small).

ОБРАЗЕЦ 3: Catholics ate (much) of fish before 1966, after 1966. Catholics ate more of fish before 1966 than after 1966.

People paid (little) for fish after 1966, before 1966.

People ate (little) offish after 1966, before 1966.

Meat was bought (much) on Friday after 1966, before 1966.

Fish was demanded (little) on Friday after 1966, before 1966.