Автор книги: Галина Свирина
Жанр: Самосовершенствование, Дом и Семья
Возрастные ограничения: +16
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Текущая страница: 7 (всего у книги 10 страниц)
Глава 19. Relative clauses. Придаточные предложения
В английском, как и в русском, существуют придаточные предложения, которые либо вводят дополнительную информацию, либо определяют субъект главного предложения. Например, русское предложение «Моя сестра, которая живет по соседству, учитель» на английский язык будет переводиться по-разному в зависимости от того, есть ли у человека еще сестры или сестра у него всего одна. Если сестра одна, значит, в определении она не нуждается, то есть мы просто даем о ней дополнительную информацию о том, что она живет по соседству. Переведем мы такое предложение следующим образом: My sister, who is living nearby, is a teacher. Если же у нас несколько сестер и нам нужно сказать, что учителем работает именно та, которая живет по соседству, то это уже определительная информация и ее запятыми выделять нельзя. То есть мы скажем: «My sister who is living nearby is a teacher». Поэтому в предложения, где субъект определен, например именем собственным, запятые тоже ставятся, ведь человек уже определен своим именем, значит, мы просто даем дополнительную информацию.
Упражнения
Translate into English
Упражнение 1
1) Архитектор, который работает над нашим проектом, очень приятный человек.
2) Девочка, которая была ранена в несчастном случае, сейчас в госпитале.
3) Компания, в которой работает Барбара, производит мебель.
4) Что случилось с картинами, которые висели на стене?
5) Джон, который работает врачом, всегда выглядит очень усталым.
6) Книги, которые находят на верхней полке, принадлежат мне.
7) Ее муж, который сейчас в командировке, очень приятный человек.
8) Женщина, в которую он влюбился, уехала через месяц.
9) Мэри, которая живет по соседству, моя подруга.
10) Колин рассказал о своей работе, которая ему очень нравится.
11) Джон, который говорит по-итальянски и по-французски, работает гидом.
12) Мы остановились в «Парк Отеле», его нам порекомендовали друзья.
13) Мы остановились в отеле, который ты порекомендовал.
14) Этим утром я встретил Джона, которого не видел долгое время.
15) Этим утром я встретил человека, которого не видел несколько лет.
Упражнение 2
1) Она любит людей, с которыми весело.
2) Мой друг Андрю, шотландец, играет на волынке.
3) Политики, говорящие ложь, отвратительны.
4) Политики, каждый из которых лгун, отвратительны.
5) Мое любимое здание в Кельне – церковь, которую строили в течение 800 лет.
6) Тебе понравился подарок, который я тебе дал?
7) Кто был тот человек, с которым ты разговаривал?
8) Что мне особенно нравится в Дейве, так это чувство юмора.
9) Я познакомился с человеком, который работает в рекламе.
10) Я дам тебе почитать книгу, которая изменила мою жизнь.
11) Что мне больше всего помогло, это осознание того, что я не был одинок.
12) Это самый смешной фильм, который я когда-либо видел.
13) Заходи и познакомься с людьми, с которыми я работаю.
14) Это книга, о которой я тебе говорил.
15) Она друг, на которого всегда можно положиться.
16) Пол, который написал несколько книг, обратился к собранию.
17) Его последняя книга, которая получила много похвал, стала большим успехом.
18) Это женщина, чей сын попал в тюрьму.
19) Если у вас есть вопросы, спросите девушку, которая стоит у входа.
20) Это кресло, которое плотник починил вчера.
21) Это бассейн, куда я раньше ходил плавать.
22) Это человек, чья жена – известная актриса.
23) Это женщина, машина которой была украдена.
24) Ресторан, куда я ходил на прошлой неделе, был очень дорогим.
25) Фильм, который я посмотрел вчера вечером, не был интересным.
26) Майкл, чей отец – судья, работает полицейским.
27) Собака, которую мне подарили, очень дружелюбная.
Упражнение 3
1) Машина, которая сломалась, теперь опять работает.
2) Все, что они сказали, было правдой.
3) Я дал ей все деньги, которые имел.
4) Мой брат показал нам машину, которой он очень гордится.
5) Это фотография наших друзей Криса и Сэма, с которыми мы ездили в отпуск.
6) Свадьба, на которую были приглашены только родственники, прошла в пятницу.
7) У Хелен два брата, ни один из них не женат.
8) Им дали информацию, большинство из которой было бесполезно.
9) Десять человек отправили резюме, никто из которых не подошел.
10) Майк выиграл $100,000, половину из которых он отдал родителям.
11) У Джулии две сестры, обе из которых адвокаты.
12) Я отправил ей два и-мейла, ни один из которых она не получила.
Глава 20. Reported speech. Косвенная речь
Если вам нужно передать чьи-то слова по-английски, необходимо помнить, что при этом исходная фраза должна звучать как бы на одно время назад; то есть если человек вам сказал, например: «I am very busy now», то в косвенной речи вы будете передавать его слова через Past Simple: He said he was very busy.
Для удобства мы приводим таблицу изменений
Упражнения
Translate into English using reported speech (He said that…)
Упражнение 1
1) Мои родители хорошо себя чувствуют.
2) Я собираюсь научиться вождению.
3) Я хочу купить машину.
4) У Джона новая работа.
5) Я не могу прийти на вечеринку в субботу.
6) У меня нет достаточно свободного времени.
7) Я уезжаю на несколько дней.
8) Я живу в Москве.
9) Мой брат болен.
10) Джо и Камилла женятся в следующем месяце.
11) Моя подруга родила на прошлой неделе.
12) Я не знаю, чем занят Фрэнк.
13) Я видел твою подругу на вечеринке вчера.
14) Последнее время я не видел Диану.
15) Мне нравится моя работа в данный момент.
16) Ты можешь остановиться у меня, если приедешь в Москву.
17) Моя машина была украдена несколько дней назад.
18) Я скажу Джо, что видел тебя.
19) В следующем году я буду работать в Лондоне.
20) Я закончу эту работу к пятнице.
Ответы
Глава 1
Упражнение 1
Once I was buying a new alarm clock when I saw a thief. I just paid for my watch when I saw an elderly woman, who was slowly putting a silver plate into the bag she was carrying. Then she went to the opposite side of the shop and took an expensive watch. She thought that nobody was looking at her and dropped it in her bag. Before I could tell the police about it, she noticed that I was watching her and hurried to the entrance. Unfortunately for her, two policemen were passing by and she ran right into them.
Упражнение 2
1) I was reading at this time yesterday
2) I read three books yesterday
3) I went to the cinema yesterday
4) I was going to the cinema when I saw my friend
5) She was working with documents all day
6) He was writing a letter all day
7) I finished my work at six
8) What were you doing yesterday in the evening?
9) Where were you yesterday?
10) When I was travelling around Europe, I bought many presents for my family
11) We were bathing in the river when it started to rain
12) They were drinking tea when I came home
13) When I came into the class, they were doing exercises
14) There were going to leave when they remembered that they forgot their tickets
15) When I met Tom, he was going to the shop
16) Where did you spend your last weekend? I was doing shopping
17) The moon was shining and the night was warm and pleasant
18) They seemed nice people and we were talking all night
19) What were you doing when it happened?
20) They invited me and I agreed gladly
21) He lost his keys when he was running in the park
22) She was writing an account when I left for the meeting
23) We were talking when he called
24) I did not hear what he said
25) I was listening to music when I remembered that I had to call her
26) The report was so boring that he was falling asleep while listening to it
Упражнение 3
1) Early in the morning I woke up and looked at the wakening city. The sun was shining and someone was talking in the yard
2) He was looking at the leaving train until it disappeared completely. He started to walk fast to warm up toward the city
3) Did they offer you a job?
4) They were talking about the weather and their plans for the Summer
5) He asked many interesting questions
6) He told his brother what he was doing in his absence
7) I was reading a book when he called
8) From three to five we were studying in the library
9) I was going down the road when I saw her
10) The sun was already setting when came to the village which was only a couple of miles from my native town. The working day was over and all the workers were coming back home. I approached a group of people and asked if I can find a place to stay for the night in the village. One old man agreed to help me. He took me to his house, which was at the end of the street. The fire was already burning in the stove, when we came in, and the hostess was dinner. Two girls were picking something up in the garden. The master offered to have dinner with them. They seemed very nice people and we were talking all night. After dinner we went to the garden. The night was warm, and the moon was shining brightly. We were walking for a long time until we finally went to bed
Упражнение 4
Aunt Polly was hoping that Tom would keep his promise and would not miss his lessons anymore. But the next say he found out that he missed again. «Do you want me to punish you, Tom?» asked aunt Polly angrily.
Aunt Polly decided to punish Tom and sent him to whitewash the fence. Tom was working very slowly at first, but when he noticed that Ben was approaching him, he pretended to enjoy the work. «What are you doing, Tom?» asked Ben. «Don’t you see? I am whitewashing the fence. It is a very interesting job». «Really? Give me the brush for a second. I will let you bite on my apple if you let me». «Sorry, Ben». Ben said that he would give Tom the whole apple if he gave him the brash. Tom agreed reluctantly. And while Ben was whitewashing the fence, Tom was sitting in the shade and eating the apple.
Глава 2
Упражнение 1
1) Where is Kate? I don’t know
2) What is funny? Why are you laughing?
3) What is your sister doing? She is a dentist
4) Where is he working?
5) What are the children doing now?
6) I am wearing jeans and a black t-shirt
7) They are going for a walk. They go for a walk every Sunday
8) It is raining now, I do not want to go out
9) Where are you from?
10) How much does it cost to call to Canada?
11) Steve is a good tennis player, but he does not play often
12) Where is Tom? He is taking a shower
13) Listen, somebody is singing
14) Pat is speaking on the phone now. She always speaks for a long time with her friend
15) Where are you? I am sitting at the doctor’s reception
16) Where does your family live?
17) Where does your brother live?
18) Where are you living now?
19) Sandra is tired and wants to go home
20) Are you going with me?
21) I am sorry, buy you are sitting on my place
22) It is late and it’s time to go home for me. Are you going with me?
23) When does your father finish his work?
24) You can turn off the radio, I am not listening to it
25) Where is Paul? He is in the kitchen, he is cooking something.
26) Martin usually does not drive to work, he walks
Упражнение 2
1) Julie is reading in the garden
2) She has two daughters
3) I am living in Spain these two weeks
4) He often comes to dinner with us
5) How many languages does she speak?
6) The lesson starts at nine everyday
7) I do not work on Sundays
8) I am studying now, and she is watching TV
9) How often do you go to restaurant?
10) I am sorry, I do not understand you
11) Who are you talking with now?
12) This summer she is working as a waitress
13) Who are you living with now?
14) She goes to dancing classes every Tuesday
15) It is cold here in winter
16) Take an umbrella, it is raining
17) This cake is delicious
18) Who does this bag belong to?
Упражнение 3
1) What books does your sister like to read?
2) Who is this person standing next to the door?
3) How far is it from here to New York?
4) Why aren’t your children at school?
5) How much does it take you to get from the subway to the shop?
6) Who do these gloves belong to?
7) What is your mother’s favorite flower?
8) What are you reading now?
9) How old are her children?
10) What subject at school do you like most?
11) What is this material?
12) What language are you studying?
13) How much does it cost to call to Moscow?
14) What does your brother do? Is he working now?
15) How may beds are in this room?
16) Is there an air conditioning in this room?
17) I am having lunch now, can you call back later?
18) When do you close?
19) I am thinking of selling my car
20) When does your father finish work?
21) Why don’t we go for a walk?
22) What is this cat’s eyes color?
23) When is it your birthday?
24) How well does he know history?
25) Who do these books belong to?
26) Is anybody sitting here?
27) Who are you talking with?
28) What do you eat for breakfast?
29) Is there a table in this room?
30) Are there good restaurants nearby?
31) How much time do you have?
32) How can I get to Oxford?
33) Are there any buses from here to Oxford?
34) What films do you like to watch?
35) Why is the fridge empty?
36) How often does it snow here?
37) Is it raining now?
Упражнение 4
1) He is reading now
2) When does your working day start?
3) Is mr. Johns working in the garden?
4) When does the shop open?
5) Is Nancy painting the kitchen?
6) Does your sister wake up early?
7) Where is the supermarket?
8) Are you neighbors washing their car?
9) What books does your brother like to read?
10) Are you cold?
11) Whose is this bag?
12) Are they having dinner now?
13) What do you usually do in the evenings?
14) What does this word mean?
15) Usually he does not have breakfast
16) How old are your children?
17) Where do your parents live?
18) How much does this shirt cost?
19) What are their names?
20) What is she doing now?
21) Does it snow often here?
22) Does he do sports every morning?
23) Is it raining now?
Глава 3
Упражнение 1
1) What’s happened? Why have you stopped?
2) Did you go anywhere last evening?
3) Have you eaten only one piece of cake?
4) Where were you yesterday? You were not at work?
5) We haven’t seen her for a long time
6) I saw her yesterday
7) Grandma and Grandpa have already visited their grandchildren. They went to see them last week
8) Have you ever been to Africa?
9) I went to Africa last year
10) The concert hasn’t started yet
11) The concert started 11 minutes ago
12) Wait for me, I haven’t taken the money
13) I have just had breakfast
14) He has just had lunch
15) He did not have dinner yesterday
16) The rain has stopped and the sun is shining. It stopped raining half an hour ago
17) Mary has bought a new flat
18) I bought these gloves yesterday
19) The weather has improved, we can go for a walk
20) We did not go anywhere yesterday
21) I have been to Europe many times
22) Where did you go last summer?
23) It seems that the waiter has forgotten about us
24) Tom has found a new job
25) Tom left his work last month
26) I haven’t seen your brother for a long time
27) I went to my parents last weekend
28) He has lived in this city since 1980
29) He moved here 33 years ago
30) You look sad. Has anything happened?
31) I was ill yesterday
Упражнение 2
1) Helen speaks Spanish so well because she has lived in Spain
2) She lived there last summer
3) The snow has stopped and the sun is shining
4) I have bought a new car, come look at it
5) He knows so much because he has read many books
6) I saw Julia yesterday
7) I haven’t seen Alex for three years
8) I have just met our teacher
9) I have not been to the gym for a long time
10) Where did you spent your vacation?
11) Have you ever been to France?
12) Tom has just called me
13) She has just returned from her vacation
14) When did you see him for the last time?
15) I haven’t eaten anything today
16) I was at a concert yesterday
17) Look at this table, Joe has made it himself
18) I have already finished my work and can go for a walk
19) Have you ever been to London?
20) He has just come
21) We haven’t solved the problem yet
22) He left the room three minutes ago
23) When did it happen?
24) The clouds have covered the whole sky
25) How many times have you been to Moscow?
26) My watch was not working this morning but it is working now
27) It was cold yesterday
28) I have not seen him since 1990
Упражнение 3
1) How many fish have already caught?
2) Have you already read today’s newspaper?
3) The new hotel opened a week ago
4) The rain has stopped, but a cold wind is still blowing
5) How long have you known Sue?
6) I have seen her a couple of times, but I have never spoken to her
7) Yesterday I finished working late
8) He has just finished working in the garden
9) She came over this morning
10) Have you already booked a table in the restaurant?
11) Yesterday we had a picnic
12) I haven’t bought the tickets for the concert yet
13) I watched an interesting program last evening
14) How many mistakes have you made in your test?
15) I lost my glasses this morning but I have already found them
16) He was ill last week, but he has got over it
17) I haven’t seen you since you moved to the USA. You have changed a lot
18) Last time I went to Paris last year
19) If everyone has seen the film, lets discuss it
20) Sorry, I was busy and couldn’t answer your call. But now I’m free
21) I have watched all the movies by this director
22) I read three interesting books last summer
23) It was very cold last winter
24) There has been almost no rain this week
25) I have always wanted to travel around the world
26) I had a very good time at a party
27) He has lived in this house for 10 years
28) He has worked in this company since 2000
29) Have you seen Bob?
30) I saw him five minutes ago
Глава 4
Упражнение 1
1) Scientist claim that influenza has taken more than 50,000 lives in this country. Only in 1957 more than 6,000 people died. But over the last 20 years we in the center has reached significant progress in studying this virus. We have released more than one hundred books and articles where we have been telling about the results of our researches. In 2012 one of my colleagues was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine. On our recent works we have been looking into a possible connection climate change and the recent increase in the number of cases of influenza. It is a tragedy that the government has decided to cut the funding now.
2) The previous government was spending a lot of money on the Center and I think it is terrible that the present government has announced the cut in funding, especially if we take into consideration the cut in funding. The center has been working successfully for several years. And I have to say that this decision is quite typical for this government. It has been ignoring the problems of public health and has been cutting the spending on science in general. Despite the fact the politicians claim the necessity to decrease the spending because of the recent economic crisis, I have found evidence that they have been planning this program for a long time. I have already talked to the minister and am going to write the Prime Minister that this decision must be revised.
Упражнение 2
1) How long have you been waiting for me?
2) I have been writing this report for three hours
3) I have already written three letters
4) How long have you been learning Spanish?
5) Have you found the necessary book?
6) Who have you been talking with for so long?
7) She has been travelling in Europe for three months
8) She has been to London twice
9) She has told us an interesting story
10) The have asked us several questions
11) The interview has just ended. We have been talking for half an hour
12) What have you been doing? I have been reading a newspaper
13) Have you ready heard the weather forecast for tomorrow?
14) I have read this book twice
15) They have been playing tennis for one hour
16) He has been looking for a job for five months
17) Has Mark already left his job?
18) Come in, we have been discussing your question
19) Who has been drinking from my cup?
20) I have been walking in the park with friends, we have just come home
21) I have been watching shows all day
22) I have just had dinner
23) We have always had cats. We love pets
24) They have been working since early morning
25) You look tired. I have been working without stopping.
26) Have you been living here for a long time?
27) Have you already sent the letter?
28) How long have you been speaking on the phone?
29) Who have you been speaking with?
Упражнение 3
1) It has been raining for three hours
2) He has been living in France for five years
3) Who has written it?
4) How long have you been watching the TV?
5) He has just bought a new coat
6) The have been married for 10 years
7) They have known each other since their childhood
8) I have had this car since I was 18
9) I have been learning English for five years
10) She has been working in this company for 20 years
11) She has made great progress in learning Germa
12) I have just got a new job
13) How long have you been going to this gym?
14) It has been raining since morning
15) I haven’t seen him for a long time
16) I have been thinking for a long time about this but I have not come to an univocal decision
17) I have bee looking for my glasses for half an hour
18) I have never trusted him
19) I have been going to this shop for one year
Упражнение 4
Joe has been interested in cinematography since his parents gave him a video camera. He has already made five movies. Over this time he has been working with his friends who has been working as actors, lighters, assistants and so on. Joe has been travelling a lot over the last few months and he has been trying to shoot most interesting places and people he has met.
Eva loves classical music and most of all she likes playing the piano. She has been working on the piano since she was given it for her twentieth birthday. She has already won important competitions and started to give concerts with a local orchestra. They have been to many cities and not going to stop on what they have achieved.
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