Текст книги "Тестостерон Рекс. Мифы и правда о гендерном сознании"

Часть третья. Будущее

1 Decent, T. (November 3, 2015). Melbourne Cup 2015: Winning jockey Michelle Payne hits back at doubters after making history on Prince of Penzance // Sydney Morning Herald.

[Электронный ресурс] http://www.smh.com.au/sport/horseracing/melbourne-cup-2015-winning-jockey-michellepayne-hits-back-at-doubters-after-making-history-on-prince-ofpenzance-20151103-gkpouv.html (дата обращения 01.04.2016).

Глава 8. Прощай, Рекс

1 Женский социальный и политический союз (1903).

2 См., напр.: Auster, C., & Mansbach, C. (2012). The gender marketing of toys: An analysis of color and type of toy on the Disney store website // Sex Roles, 67 (7–8), 375–388; Blakemore, J., & Centers, R. (2005). Characteristics of

boys’ and girls’ toys. Sex Roles, 53 (9/10), 619–633; Kahlenberg, S., & Hein, M. (2010). Progression on Nickelodeon? Gender-role stereotypes in toy commercials. Sex Roles, 62 (11–12), 830–847.

3 Такие кампании, как “Вонючий розовый” (www.pinkstinks.co.uk) и “Пусть игрушки останутся игрушками” (www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) в Великобритании и “Игра без границ” в Австралии (www.playunlimited.org.au). Если вас интересуют критические комментарии политиков, см.: BBC News (February 6, 2014), Aiming toys at just boys or girls hurts economy– minister // BBC News. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-26064302 (дата обращения 08.09.2014); Paton, G. (January 16, 2014). “Gender specific toys ‘put girls off’ maths and science,” says Education Minister // The Telegraph. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10578106/Gender-specific-toys-put-girls-off-maths-andscience.html (дата обращения 08.09.2014). Критические комментарии психологов, см.: Fine, C. (March 31, 2014). Biology doesn’t justify gender divide for toys // New Scientist. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25306-biology-doesnt-justify-gender-divide-for-toys.html#.VA1TY fmSwjA (дата обращения 08.09.2014). Hines, M. (July 12, 2013). There’s no good reason to push pink toys on girls // The Conversation. [Электронный ресурс] http://theconversation.com/theres-no-good-reason-to-push-pink-toys-ongirls-15830 (дата обращения 10.09.2013). Критика маркетологов, см., напр., комментарий президента компании Thinkbox Lindsey Clay, The Marketing Society Forum. (2014). Should all marketing to children be gender-neutral? // Marketing, (March 7). [Электронный ресурс] http://m.campaignlive.co.uk/article/1283685/marketing-children-genderneutral (дата обращения 08.09.2014).

4 Hoff Sommers, C. (December 6, 2012). You can give a boy a doll, but you can’t make him play with it // The Atlantic. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/12/you-can-give-a-boy-a-doll-but-you-cant-makehim-play-with-it/265977/ (дата обращения 07.01.2013).

5 The Marketing Society Forum (2014), там же. Нокс осуждает маркетинг, который укрепляет предрассудки или ограничивает детские мечты о профессиях – например, когда на наборы врача и медсестры навешиваются ярлыки “для мальчиков” и “для девочек” соответственно.

6 Colarelli, S., & Dettman, J. (2003). Intuitive evolutionary perspectives in marketing practices // Psychology and Marketing, 20 (9), 837–865. Цит. на с. 858.

7 Saad, G. (2007). The evolutionary bases of consumption. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum. Цит. на с. 71.

8 Delingpole, J. (January 23, 2014). Why it’s not sexist to say boys should never play with dolls // Sunday Express. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.express.co.uk/lifestyle/life/455465/Stop-making-our-children-neutral-let-boysand-girls-play-with-gender-specific-toys (дата обращения

25.01.2014). 9 Ireland, J. (December 2, 2014) “No gender ‘December’”: Greens senator calls for end to gender-based toys // Sydney Morning Herald. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/no-gender-december-greens-senator-calls-for-end-to-genderbased-toys-20141202-11y4ro.html (дата обращения 27.04.2015).

1 °Cм. (December 2, 2014), No gender-December – Don’t let old-fashioned stereotypes limit children’s festive fun. [Электронный ресурс] greens.org.au/node/6713 (дата обращения 03.01.2015).

11 См. Waters, L. (December 2, 2014). Let toys be toys // The Hoopla. [Электронный ресурс] http://thehoopla.com.au/let-toys-toys/ (дата обращения 03.01.2015).

12 Wilson, L. (December 2, 2014). “Christmas shoppers should not buy gender based toys for kids,” Greens say // Daily Telegraph. [Электронный ресурс] http://m.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/christmas-shoppers-shouldnot-buy-gender-based-toys-for-kids-greens-say/story-fni-0dobt-1227141319300 (дата обращения 03.08.2015).

13 Ireland (2014), там же.

14 Medhora, S. (December 2, 2014). No gender December: Abbott criticizes bid to end gender stereotypes in toys // The Guardian. [Электронный ресурс] m/world/2014/dec/02/no-gender-december-abbott-criticises-bid-to-end-gender-stereotypes-in-toys (дата обращения 03.08.2014).

15 Tavris, C. (1992). The mismeasure of woman: Why women are not the better sex, the inferior sex, or the opposite sex. New York: Touchstone. Цит. на с. 212.

16 Pagel, M. (2012). Wired for culture: Origins of the human social mind. New York: Norton. Цит. на с. 4.

17 Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences // Psychological Bulletin, 128 (5), 699–727.

18 Fausto-Sterling, A. (2012). Sex/gender: Biology in a social world. New York: Routledge. Цит. на с. xiii.

19 Это значит, что система развития, по сути, ключевая составляющая эволюционных процессов, воздействующая на индивидов, а не напрямую на их гены. Jablonka, E., & Lamb, M. J. (2007). Precis of evolution in four dimensions // Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30 (4), 353–365.

20 Pagel, M. (2012). Adapted to culture // Nature, 482, 297–299. Цит. на с. 298.

21 Haun, D. B. M., Rekers, Y., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Children conform to the behavior of peers: Other great apes stick with what they know // Psychological Science, 25 (12), 2160–2167.

22 Chudek, M., & Henrich, J. (2011). Culture-gene coevolution, norm-psychology and the emergence of human prosociality// Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15 (5), 218–226.

23 Sweet, E. V. (2013). Boy builders and pink princesses (Doctoral thesis). University of California Davis.

24 Connellan, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Batki, A., & Ahluwalia, J. (2000). Sex differences in human neonatal social perception // Infant Behavior and Development, 23 (1), 113–118.

25 См. Levy, N. (2004). Book review: Understanding blindness // Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 3, 315–324; Nash, A., & Grossi, G. (2007). Picking Barbie’s brain: Inherent sex differences in scientific ability? // Journal of Interdisciplinary Feminist Thought, 2 (1), 5.

26 Escudero, P., Robbins, R. A., & Johnson, S. P. (2013). Sex-related preferences for real and doll faces versus real and toy objects in young infants and adults // Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116 (2), 367–379.

27 Zosuls, K., Ruble, D. N., & Tamis LeMonda, C. S. (2014). Self-socialization of gender in African American, Dominican immigrant, and Mexican immigrant toddlers // Child Development, 85 (6), 2202–2217.

28 Lamminmaki, A., Hines, M., Kuiri-Hanninen, T., Kilpelainen, L., Dunkel, L., & Sankilampi, U. (2012). Testosterone measured in infancy predicts subsequent sex-typed behavior in boys and in girls // Hormones and Behavior, 61, 611–616.

29 Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. N. (2004). Children’s search for gender cues: Cognitive perspectives on gender development // Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13 (2), 67–70.

30 LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2011). Pretty in pink: The early development of gender-stereotyped colour preferences // British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29 (3), 656–667.

31 Shutts, K., Banaji, M. R., & Spelke, E. S. (2010). Social categories guide young children’s preferences for novel objects // Developmental Science, 13 (4), 599–610.

32 Hines, M., Pasterski, V., Spencer, D., Neufeld, S., Patalay, P., Hindmarsh, P. C., et al. (2016). Prenatal androgen exposure alters girls’ responses to information indicating gender-appropriate behaviour // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371 (1668). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0125

33 Напр., Masters, J., Ford, M., Arend, R., Grotevant, H., & Clark, L (1979). Modeling and labeling as integrated determinants of children’s sextyped imitative behavior. Child Development, 50, 364–371; Bradbard, M. R., & Endsley, R. C. (1983). The effects of sex-typed labeling on preschool children’s information seeking and retention // Sex Roles, 9 (2), 247–260.

34 Pasterski, V., Zucker, K. J., Hindmarsh, P. C., Hughes, I. A., Acerini, C., Spencer, D., et al. (2015). Increased cross-gender identification independent of gender role behavior in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Results from a standardized assessment of 4– to 11-year-old children // Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44 (5), 1363–1375.

35 Fine, C. (2010). Delusions of gender: How our minds, society, and neurosexism create difference. New York: Norton.

36 Jordan-Young, R. (2010). Brain storm: The flaws in the science of sex differences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Jordan-Young, R. (2012). Hormones, context, and “brain gender”: A review of evidence from congenital adrenal hyperplasia // Social Science and Medicine, 74 (11), 1738–1744.

37 Напр., Wolf, T. M. (1973). Effects of live modeled sex-inappropriate play behavior in a naturalistic setting // Developmental Psychology, 9 (1), 120–123.

38 Wong, W., & Hines, M. (2015). Effects of gender colorcoding on toddlers’ gender-typical toy play // Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44 (5), 1233–1242.

39 Wong & Hines (2015), там же. Размер эффекта для половых различий в игре с голубым поездом и розовой куклой во втором возрасте составлял d = 0,68 и d = –0,55 соответственно. Размер эффекта для половых различий в игре с розовым поездом и голубой куклой во втором возрасте составил d = 0,26 и d = –0,21 соответственно. Положительный размер эффекта соответствует большему интересу у мальчиков.

4 °Colyle, E. F., & Liben, L. S. (2016). Affecting girls’ activity and job interests through play: The moderating roles of personal gender salience and game characteristics // Child Development, 87 (2), 414–428.

41 Griffiths, P. E. (2002). What is innateness? // The Monist, 85 (1), 70–85.

42 Последние факты можно прочесть: Gangestad, S. W., Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2006). Evolutionary foundations of cultural variation: Evoked culture and mate preferences // Psychological Inquiry, 17 (2), 75–95.

43 Griffiths (2002), там же. Цит. на с. 74.

44 Dupre, J. (2001). Human nature and the limits of science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Все цитаты со с. 31.

45 Gottlieb, G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10 (1), 1–11. Упоминается работа: Hood, K. (2005). Development as a dependent variable: Robert B. Cairns on the psychobiology of aggression. In D. M. Stoff & E. J. Susman (Eds.), Developmental psychobiology of aggression (pp. 225–251). New York: Cambridge University Press. Возраст и опыт выступали в качестве модераторов этих эффектов.

46 Rosenblatt, J. S. (1967). Nonhormonal basis of maternal behavior in the rat // Science, 156, 1512–1514.

47 Haslam, N. (2011). Genetic essentialism, neuroessentialism, and stigma: Comment on Dar-Nimrod & Heine (2011) // Psychological Bulletin, 137 (5), 819–824. Цит. на с. 819.

48 Brescoll, V., & LaFrance, M. (2004). The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences // Psychological Science, 15 (8), 515–520; Coleman, J., & Hong, Y.-Y. (2008). Beyond nature and nurture: The influence of lay gender theories on self-stereotyping // Self and Identity, 7 (1), 34–53; Martin, C. L., & Parker, S. (1995). Folk theories about sex and race differences // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1), 45–57.

49 Skewes, L., Fine, C., & Haslam, N. (2015). When boys will be boys, should women be women (and know their place)? Ev idence from two nations on the relations between gender essentialism, gender bias, and backlash. Неопубликованная работа.

50 Gaunt, R. (2006). Biological essentialism, gender ideologies, and role attitudes: What determines parents’ involvement in child care // Sex Roles, 55 (7–8), 523–533.

51 Tinsley, C. H., Howell, T. M., & Amanatullah, E. T. (2015). Who should bring home the bacon? How deterministic views of gender constrain spousal wage preferences // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 126, 37–48.

52 Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. (2006). Exposure to scientific theories affects women’s math performance. Science, 314 (5798), 435; Thoman, D., White, P., Yamawaki, N., & Koishi, H. (2008). Variations of gender-math stereotype content affect women’s vulnerability to stereotype threat // Sex Roles, 58, 702–712

53 Dar-Nimrod, I., Heine, S. J., Cheung, B. Y., & Schaller, M. (2011). Do scientific theories affect men’s evaluations of sex crimes? // Aggressive Behavior, 37 (5), 440–449.

54 Keller, J. (2005). In genes we trust: The biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (4), 686–702; Morton, T., Haslam, S., & Hornsey, M. (2009). Theorizing gender in the face of social change: Is there anything essential about essentialism? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96 (3), 653–664.

55 Wood, W., & Eagly, A. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. In J. Olson & M. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 55–123). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.

56 England, P. (2010). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled // Gender and Society, 24 (2), 149–166.

57 Jordan-Young (2010), там же. Цит. на с. 130.

58 Chiang, O. (January 7, 2011). Trojan: US market size for vibrators $ 1 billion, twice the condom market size // Forbes.

[Электронный ресурс] http://www.forbes.com/sites/oliverchiang/2011/01/07/trojan-us-market-size-for-vibrators-1-billon-twice-the-condom-market-size/ (дата обращения 08.01.2015).

59 Jordan-Young (2010), там же. Цит. на с. 113.

60 Meynell, L. (2008). The power and promise of developmental systems theory // Les Ateliers de L’Éthique, 3 (2), 88–103. Цит. на с. 97, курсив мой.

61 McCormack, F. (June 24, 2015) How to prevent violence against women. Featured on Big Ideas. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bigideas/fiona-mccormack-preventing-violence-against-women-inaustralia/ 6552078 (дата обращения 27.06.2015). См. также: Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women // Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 10 (2), 125–142.

62 Irleand, J. (November 25, 2015). Greens get Senate inquiry to look into the link between Barbies, toys and domestic violence // Sydney Morning Herald. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/greens-link-barbies-trucks-and-childhood-toys-to-domestic-violence-in-call-for-gender-inquiry-20151124-gl716h.html (дата обращения 26.11.2015).

63 Bigler, R., & Liben, L. (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children’s social stereotyping and prejudice // Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16 (3), 162–166; Patterson, M., & Bigler, R. (2006). Preschool children’s attention to environmental messages about groups: Social categorization and the origins of intergroup bias // Child Development, 77 (4), 847–860.

64 Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., et al. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (5), 713–728.

65 Полный обзор см.: Rudman, L., & Glick, P. (2008). The social psychology of gender: How power and intimacy shape gender relations. New York: Guilford Press.

66 Halim, M., Ruble, D., & Amodio, D. (2011). From pink frilly dresses to “one of the boys”: A social-cognitive analysis of gender identity development and gender bias // Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (11), 933–949.

67 Cunningham, S. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2011). The colour of gender stereotyping // British Journal of Psychology, 102 (3), 598–614. Цит. на с. 610.

68 См. Roberts, Y. (September 13, 2015). Yet again men hold power, why can’t Labour change? // The Guardian. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/13/women-politics-power-labour-leadership-jeremy-corbyn (дата обращения 14.09.2015).