Текст книги "Глоссариум по цифровой экономике. 1500 терминов и определений"

Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) is an emerging IT practice that applies artificial intelligence to IT operations to help organizations intelligently manage infrastructure, networks, and applications for performance, resilience, capacity, uptime, and, in some cases, security. By shifting traditional, threshold-based alerts and manual processes to systems that take advantage of AI and machine learning, AIOps enables organizations to better monitor IT assets and anticipate negative incidents and impacts before they take hold. AIOps is a term coined by Gartner in 2016 as an industry category for machine learning analytics technology that enhances IT operations analytics covering operational tasks include automation, performance monitoring and event correlations, among others. Gartner define an AIOps Platform thus: «An AIOps platform combines big data and machine learning functionality to support all primary IT operations functions through the scalable ingestion and analysis of the ever-increasing volume, variety and velocity of data generated by IT. The platform enables the concurrent use of multiple data sources, data collection methods, and analytical and presentation technologies»614614
  .Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) – Text: electronic. – www.cio.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.cio.com/article/196239/what-is-aiops-injecting-intelligence-into-it-operations.html


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  .Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) – Text: electronic. – www.gartner.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/aiops-platform


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  .Искусственный интеллект для ИТ-операций – Text: electronic. – //networkguru.ru (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://networkguru.ru/aiops-artificial-intelligence-for-it-operations/


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Artificial Intelligence Open Library is a set of algorithms designed to develop technological solutions based on artificial intelligence, described using programming languages and posted on the Internet.

Artificial intelligence technologies – technologies based on the use of artificial intelligence, including computer vision, natural language processing, speech recognition and synthesis, intelligent decision support and advanced methods of artificial intelligence.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) usually simply called neural networks (NNs) are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to it. The «signal» at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically have a weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer), to the last layer (the output layer), possibly after traversing the layers multiple times617617
  Artificial neural networks (ANNs) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network


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Artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of biological neurons, a neural network. The difference between an artificial neuron and a biological neuron is shown in the figure. Artificial neurons are the elementary units of an artificial neural network. An artificial neuron receives one or more inputs (representing excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials on nerve dendrites) and sums them to produce an output signal (or activation, representing the action potential of the neuron that is transmitted down its axon). Typically, each input is weighted separately, and the sum is passed through a non-linear function known as an activation function or transfer function. Transfer functions are usually sigmoid, but they can also take the form of other non-linear functions, piecewise linear functions, or step functions. They are also often monotonically increasing, continuous, differentiable, and bounded618618
  .Artificial neuron – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org. (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neuron


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  .Artificial neuron – Text: electronic. – //towardsdatascience.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://towardsdatascience.com/the-concept-of-artificial-neurons-perceptrons-in-neural-networks-fab22249cbfc


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ASCII is a character-encoding scheme used by many computers. The ASCII standard uses 7 of the 8 bits in a byte to define the codes for 128 characters. Example: In ASCII, the number «7» is treated as a character and is encoded as: 00010111. Because a byte can have a total of 256 possible values, there are an additional 128 possible characters that can be encoded into a byte, but there is no formal ASCII standard for those additional 128 characters. Most IBM-compatible personal computers do use an IBM «extended» character set that includes international characters, line and box drawing characters, Greek letters, and mathematical symbols. (ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange)620620
  ASCII – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#A


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Assistive intelligence — AI-based systems that help make decisions or perform actions.

Assistive technology (AT) is any item, piece of equipment, software program, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities621621
  Assistive technology (AT) – Text: electronic. – www.atia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.atia.org/home/at-resources/what-is-at/


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Attributes (XML) (Атрибуты (XML)) XML elements can have attributes that further describe them, such as the following: <Price currency=«Euro»> 25.43 </Price> In the example above, «currency» is an attribute of «Price», and the attribute’s value is «Euro»622622
  Attributes (XML) – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#A


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Augmented reality (AR) is an enhanced version of the real physical world that is achieved through the use of digital visual elements, sound, or other sensory stimuli delivered via technology. It is a growing trend among companies involved in mobile computing and business applications in particular623623
  Augmented reality (AR) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/augmented-reality.asp


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Augmented reality technologies are visualization technologies based on adding information or visual effects to the physical world by overlaying graphic and/or sound content to improve user experience and interactive features.

Automata theory (part of the theory of computation) is a theoretical branch of Computer Science and Mathematics, which mainly deals with the logic of computation with respect to simple machines, referred to as automata624624
  .Automata theory – Text: electronic. – www.geeksforgeeks.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-theory-of-computation/


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Automated control system – a set of software and hardware designed to control technological and (or) production equipment (executive devices) and the processes they produce, as well as to control such equipment and processes.

Automated processing of personal data – processing of personal data using computer technology.

Automated system is an organizational and technical system that guarantees the development of solutions based on the automation of information processes in various fields of activity.

Automation is a technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human intervention.

Autonomous artificial intelligence is a biologically inspired system that tries to reproduce the structure of the brain, the principles of its operation with all the properties that follow from this.

Autonomous vehicle is a mode of transport based on an autonomous driving system. The control of an autonomous vehicle is fully automated and carried out without a driver using optical sensors, radar and computer algorithms.

Auxiliary intelligence – systems based on artificial intelligence that complement human decisions and are able to learn in the process of interacting with people and the environment.

Ayasdi is an enterprise scale machine intelligence platform that delivers the automation that is needed to gain competitive advantage from the company’s big and complex data. Ayasdi supports large numbers of business analysts, data scientists, endusers, developers and operational systems across the organization, simultaneously creating, validating, using and deploying sophisticated analyses and mathematical models at scale.

«B»

B2B E-commerce refers to an online store for businesses. Normally, B2B (business-to-business) e-commerce is understood as an ordering system. The difference to a B2C online store targeting consumers is, for example, the requirement to identify the buyer through registering and the need to provide different billing options (such as invoicing)625625
  B2B E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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B2C (business-to-consumer) E-commerce is a form of online commerce colloquially known as online shopping. B2C e-commerce refers to an online service that provides consumers with goods to purchase626626
  B2C E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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B2D marketing is an operational model that aims to engage software developers directly and by doing so affect customer acquisition. B2D marketing is a method of the platform economy which typically provides APIs in as developer-friendly form as possible to enable their proactive deployment627627
  B2D marketing – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth or baseband bandwidth. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel. A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum628628
  .Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org. (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)


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  .Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – http://math.gsu.by (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: http://math.gsu.by/wp-content/uploads/courses/networks/r2.1.html


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Bandwidth refers to the data throughput capacity of any communication channel. As bandwidth increases, more information per unit of time can pass through the channel630630
  Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – www.encyclopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/bandwidth


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BETA release is a term that refers to a phase in online service development in which the service is coming together functionality-wise but genuine user experiences are required before the service can be finished in a user-centered way. In online service development, the aim of the beta phase is to recognize both programming issues and usability-enhancing procedures. The beta phase is particularly often used in connection with online services and it can be either freely available (open beta) or restricted to a specific target group (closed beta)631631
  BETA – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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BIG DATA is a term that refers to the collection, storage, sharing, searching, analyzing and presenting of enormous, unorganized and continuously growing masses of data with the help of statistics and information technology. As the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet continue to spread, there is believed to be a growing demand for big data -related expertise. BIG DATA a large amount of information about an organization (both structured and unstructured) that cannot be analysed using traditional computing methods632632
  BIG DATA – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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  BIG DATA – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/data-driven-simulation-based-analytics/39628


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Binance Coin (BNB) is a utility cryptocurrency that operates as a payment method for the fees associated with trading on the Binance Exchange. It is the third-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization.10 Those who use the token as a means of payment for the exchange can trade at a discount. Binance Coin’s blockchain is also the platform on which Binance’s decentralized exchange operates. The Binance Exchange was founded by Changpeng Zhao and is one of the most widely used exchanges in the world based on trading volumes634634
  Binance Coin (BNB) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/binance-coin-bnb.asp


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Binance USD (BUSD) was created by the cryptocurrency exchange Binance as a stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar. The stablecoin was approved by the New York State Department of Financial Services; thus, it is also regulated635635
  Binance USD (BUSD) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/


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Binary format is any file format in which information is encoded in some format other than a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in binary format contains information that is not displayable as characters. Software capable of understanding the particular binary format method of encoding information must be used to interpret the information in a binary-formatted file. Binary formats are often used to store more information in less space than possible in a character format file. They can also be searched and analyzed more quickly by appropriate software. A file written in binary format could store the number «7» as a binary number (instead of as a character) in as little as 3 bits (i.e., 111), but would more typically use 4 bits (i.e., 0111). Binary formats are not normally portable, however. Software program files are written in binary format. Examples of numeric data files distributed in binary format include the IBM-binary versions of the Center for Research in Security Prices files and the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Trade Data Bank on CD-ROM. The International Monetary Fund distributes International Financial Statistics in a mixed-character format and binary (packed-decimal) format. SAS and SPSS store their system files in binary format636636
  Binary format – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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Binary number is a number written using binary notation which only uses zeros and ones. Example: Decimal number 7 in binary notation is: 111637637
  Binary number – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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Biometrics is a system of recognizing people. by one or more physical or behavioral traits.

Bio-Techno-System is a hybrid systems between biological systems and technical systems, by means of computer (science)638638
  Bio-Techno-System – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/bio-techno-system/2488


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Bit (Бит) is the smallest unit of information that a computer can work with. Each bit is either a «1» or a «0». Often computers work with groups of bits rather than one bit at a time; the smallest group of bits a computer usually works with is a byte, which is 8 bits639639
  Bit – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a virtual currency designed to act as money and a form of payment outside the control of any one person, group, or entity, and thus removing the need for third-party involvement in financial transactions. It is rewarded to blockchain miners for the work done to verify transactions and can be purchased on several exchanges640640
  Bitcoin – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin.asp


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Bitcoin mining is the process of creating new bitcoin by solving puzzles. It consists of computing systems equipped with specialized chips competing to solve mathematical puzzles. The first bitcoin miner (as these systems are called) to solve the puzzle is rewarded with bitcoin. The mining process also confirms transactions on the cryptocurrency’s network and makes them trustworthy641641
  Bitcoin mining – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/


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Blockchain is used for cryptocurrency by using individual nodes that run a system for cryptocurrency exchanges. Exchanges of cryptocurrency are validated by miners. Miners validity is checked by other nodes for correctness. The use of blockchain technology reduces transaction times and fraud. Companies, such as Tesla, take cryptocurrency as a form of payment but do not accept all. In 2021, Tesla began accepting Bitcoin (BCH) then several months later stopped accepting due to environmental issues with mining of bitcoin. Tesla stopped accepting Bitcoin due to the environmental implications created by mining cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency mining takes a substantial amount of electricity, generating a significant carbon footprint. Wit Bitcoin, there are several different types of crypto currencies including Ethereum (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), Cardano (ADA), Polkadot (DOT), Stellar (XLM), Dogecoin (DOGE), Biance Coin (BNB), Tether (USDT), Monero (XMR), with many more and a continuing amount of new currencies. Blockchain Technology refers to the way in which operators that don’t know each other can produce and maintain decentralized databases. The technology allows for the members of the chain trust each other even though they don’t know one another. The best-known blockchain technology application is the virtual currency Bitcoin642642
  Blockchain – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain


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  Blockchain Technology – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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Blocking of personal data – temporary cessation of processing of personal data (except for cases where processing is necessary to clarify personal data).

Blog (a truncation of «weblog») is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page644644
  Blog – Text: electronic. – https://en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog


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Blogger is someone who writes regularly for an online journal or website. A political blogger might provide weekly commentary on current events645645
  Blogger – Text: electronic. – www.vocabulary.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/blogger


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Blogosphere is the social universe created by online individuals using web log publishing platforms. Simply put, the blogosphere is a slang term for all the blogs on the internet. The blogosphere is often compared to grassroots journalism in that each member is able to post on any topic that catches their personal interest. The blogosphere is a powerful social network in that many popular bloggers have an audience measured in thousands and, in some cases, millions. However, the blogosphere is also very diverse, so the it does not represent a unified social unit – even though some of the social sub-groups within the blogosphere are. Post-based messaging services like Twitter are often considered part of the blogosphere despite the shorter length of the posts646646
  Blogosphere – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4862/blogosphere


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Born-digital is a descriptor for information that is created in digital form, as opposed to digitized from analog sources647647
  Born-digital – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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Brain Migration is a movement of highly-skilled professionals involved in intellectual or creative work as well as of potential specialists such as students and trainees going abroad for more than a year648648
  Brain Migration – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/brain-migration/77723


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Broadband refers to various high-capacity transmission technologies that transmit data, voice, and video across long distances and at high speeds. Common mediums of transmission include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, and radio waves649649
  Broadband – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/broadband.asp


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Business administration (also known as business management) is the administration of a commercial enterprise. It includes all aspects of overseeing and supervising business operations. From the point of view of management and leadership, it also covers fields that include office building administration, accounting, finance, designing, development, quality assurance, data analysis, sales, project management, information-technology management, research and development, and marketing650650
  Business administration – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration


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Business Blog (b-blog) is a blog of published, informal online articles that are either included in a company’s internal communications system (intranet) or posted on the Internet for the public to read. Business blogs use a more personal tone than corporate websites and are primarily used for public relations purposes. A business blog may also be referred to as a corporate blog or corporate Web log651651
  Business Blog (b-blog) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1421/business-blog-b-blog


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Business Continuity – «Describes the processes and procedures an organization puts in place to ensure that essential functions can continue during and after a disaster.» A note regarding preservation: Backups vs Preservation: Disaster recovery strategies and backup systems are not sufficient to ensure survival and access to authentic digital resources over time. A backup is a short-term data recovery solution following loss or corruption and is fundamentally different to an electronic preservation archive652652
  Business Continuity – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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Business Design is a modern business model conceptualization. Business design is closely related to service design and shares some of its principles but applies them to the business concept of the entire company. The central idea of business design is to alter business activities in a customer-oriented manner in order to create strong customer loyalty653653
  Business Design – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD


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Business Innovation is an organization’s process for introducing new ideas, workflows, methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology in new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation, wherein ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea654654
  Business Innovation – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/business-innovation


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Business management tools are all the systems, applications, controls, calculating solutions, methodologies, etc. used by organizations to be able to cope with changing markets, ensure a competitive position in them and improve business performance655655
  Business management tools – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_management_tools


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Business mobility also known as enterprise mobility, is the growing trend of businesses to offer remote working options, allow the use of personal laptops and mobile devices for business purposes, and make use of cloud technology for data access. Business mobility recognizes a shift from the traditional central office business model656656
  Mobility of business functions – Text: electronic. – www.vmware.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/business-mobility.html#:~:text=Business%20mobility%2C%20also%20known%20as,cloud%20technology%20for%20data%20access.


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Business model is a plan that identifies sources of revenue, the customer base, products, and details of financing. It simply tells how the business makes money657657
  Business model – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/business-models-bm/3058


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Business Payments Directory (BPD) is a system that enables online businesses to choose from a variety of trusted business payment vendors for whom they opt to contract out for managing their online sales payments and consumer purchases. Also known as an online payments directory658658
  Business Payments Directory (BPD) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26391/business-payments-directory-bpd


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Business Transaction in the context of electronic commerce, is any monetary transaction that is made between consumers or businesses via the Internet. Business transactions free up time when conducted online since each party does not need to be physically present in order to make the transaction659659
  Business Transaction – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26415/business-transaction


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Byte is eight bits. A byte is simply a chunk of 8 ones and zeros. For example: 01000001 is a byte. A computer often works with groups of bits rather than individual bits and the smallest group of bits that a computer usually works with is a byte. A byte is equal to one column in a file written in character format660660
  Byte – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B


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