Текст книги "Глоссариум по цифровой экономике. 1500 терминов и определений"

«N»

National Electronic Library of the Russian Federation is a federal state information system, which is a collection of documents and information in electronic form (objects of historical, scientific and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation), access to which is provided using the Internet.

Natural language processing is a class of solutions aimed at understanding the language and generating text that makes sense, as well as communicating in natural language during the interaction of a computer and a person.

Natural-language understanding is the processing of utterances in human language (natural language as opposed to programming language) in order to extract meaning and respond appropriately. The processing requires both syntactic knowledge about the language concerned and semantic knowledge of the relationship between the utterance and what it means, usually in a knowledge base containing an internal representation of the world. Grammatical and semantic rules are used to analyze the utterance into logical formulae or semantic networks, where the meaning representation can be used by a reasoning system967967
  .Natural-language understanding – Text: electronic. – www.encyclopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/natural-language-understanding


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Network address – an identifier in the data transmission network, which determines the user terminal or other means of communication included in the information system when providing telematic communication services.

Network effect occurs when the value of a product or service to the user increases exponentially with the number of other users using the same product or service. For instance, WhatsApp provides a free communication platform with friends and contacts. The utility to use it relies on the fact that a substantial part of or friends and colleagues are already users. Network effects occur when new users make a network more valuable to other, existing users. When a network reaches a critical point, competing and more limited networks start to lose their significance968968
  Network effect – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect


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  Network effect – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#N


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Network etiquette is a set of professional and social rules of etiquette that are practiced and promoted in electronic communication on any computer network. In general, netiquette is the set of professional and social etiquettes practiced and advocated in electronic communication over any computer network. Common guidelines include being courteous and precise, and avoiding cyber-bullying. Netiquette also dictates that users should obey copyright laws and avoid overusing emoticons970970
  Network etiquette – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25061/netiquette


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Network infrastructure – a set of hardware and software that creates an environment for the process of information exchange, applications and various services.

Network security is the practice of preventing and protecting against unauthorized intrusion into corporate networks. As a philosophy, it complements endpoint security, which focuses on individual devices; network security instead focuses on how those devices interact, and on the connective tissue between them971971
  Network security – Text: electronic. – www.csoonline.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3285651/what-is-network-security-definition-methods-jobs-and-salaries.html


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Network society – the social reality of the 21st century, denoted by the widespread use of information and communication technologies in both society and institutions, emphasizing the importance of being able to access new information quickly and effectively through a network structure972972
  Network society – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/network-society/20182#:~:text=1.,in%20an%20Asynchronous%20Learning%20Environment


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Neural processor is a specialized class of microprocessors and coprocessors (often an ASIC) used for hardware acceleration of artificial neural network algorithms, computer vision, voice recognition, machine learning, and other artificial intelligence methods.

Neuroprosthetics (also called neural prosthetics) is a discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural prostheses. They are sometimes contrasted with a brain—computer interface, which connects the brain to a computer rather than a device meant to replace missing biological functionality. Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease973973
  Neuroprosthetics – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics


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Neurotechnology is a new prominent tech term describes any technology that helps us to understand brain function, or enables a direct connection of technology with the human nervous system. Since the technology world has made rapid advances in both observational technology for the human brain and cognitive modeling technology in artificial intelligence, there’s a grey area in terms of what constitutes neurotechnology974974
  Neurotechnology – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/34091/neurotechnology


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New Economy is the Economy in which digital computing technologies are used in Economic Activities975975
  New Economy – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_economy#:~:text=The%20New%20Economy%20refers%20to,by%20new%20technology%20and%20innovations.


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New generation communication networks – technological systems designed to connect to the fifth generation Internet network for use in Internet of things and industrial Internet devices.

New media is any media – from newspaper articles and blogs to music and podcasts – that are delivered digitally. From a website or email to mobile phones and streaming apps, any internet-related form of communication can be considered new media976976
  New media – Text: electronic. – www.snhu.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/liberal-arts/what-is-new-media


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New production technologies are technologies for digitalizing production processes that increase the efficiency of resource use, design and manufacture of individualized objects, the cost of which is comparable to the cost of mass-produced goods.

New Technologies is information and communication technologies that contribute to the development process of society, guide social institutions through the process of change and influence every aspect of life977977
  New Technologies – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/new-technologies/20300


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Newline character is one or two bytes that denote the end of a line. In UNIX, a newline character is one byte: a linefeed. In the Macintosh OS, a newline character is one byte: a carriage return978978
  Newline character – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#N


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NFS Network File System is a process for mounting magnetic disks on a network so that disks not physically attached to a computer can be accessed as if they were physically attached979979
  NFS Network File System – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#N


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Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) is data, a form of digital art, that are stored on blockchain, which can be sold as a type of crypto currency. Many investors are purchasing NFTs due to the popularity promoted by several celebrities using them as profile photos, including such as Reese Witherspoon, Eva Longoria, Shonda Rhimes, Serena Williams, and many more. NFTs art sold as a piece of artwork that is completely unique and the owner of the NFT owns the piece of artwork980980
  Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token


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Normalization refers to a preservation strategy that involves the imposition of standard formats and rules to create preservable file formats. Normalization has specific connotations within the database (e.g., normalized tables), the Web (e.g., normalized URLs), and other communities, but the essence of the term is to standardize for more effective processing and exchange of information. ICPSR uses normalization as a preservation strategy. We convert deposited files from their original format to an accepted preservation format as needed. Both the original file and the normalized file are retained981981
  Normalization – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#N


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Numeracy Skills are the ability to use, interpret and communicate mathematical information to solve real-world problems982982
  Numeracy Skills – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/the-role-of-financial-inclusion/20641


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NumPy library is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. The ancestor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with contributions from several other developers. In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of the competing Numarray into Numeric, with extensive modifications. NumPy is open-source software and has many contributors. NumPy is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project983983
  .Numpy – Text: electronic. – //datawider.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://datawider.com/top-10-python-libraries/#_ftn1


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«O»

OAIS is the Open Archive Information System reference Model, an ISO standard that formally expresses the roles (producer, management, consumer, and implicitly archives), functions (common services, ingest, archival storage, data management, administration, preservation planning, and access), and content (submission information package, archival information collection, archival information package, and dissemination information package) of an archive. It was approved as an ISO standard in 2003984984
  OAIS – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#O


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Online Advertising is a marketing strategy that involves the use of the Internet as a medium to obtain website traffic and target and deliver marketing messages to the right customers. Online advertising is geared toward defining markets through unique and useful applications. Since the early 1990s there has been an exponential increase in the growth of online advertising, which has evolved into a standard for small and large organizations. Online advertising is also known as Internet advertising or digital advertising985985
  Online Advertising – Text: electronic. – www.techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26362/online-advertising


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Online Application, Or Web Application is a piece of software that can be accessed using a browser. Today, a great deal of software is produced as online applications since practically all operating environments include a browser. All social media services are examples of online applications. The production of an online application requires considerably more programming skills than that of a website, which is usually set up on a ready-made content management platform986986
  Online Application, Or Web Application – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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Online Auction is a service in which auction users or participants sell or bid for products or services via the Internet. Virtual auctions facilitate online activities between buyers and sellers in different locations or geographical areas. Various auction sites provide users with platforms powered by different types of auction software. An online auction is also known as a virtual auction987987
  Online Auction – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26416/online-auction


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Online banking also known as internet banking, describes online systems that provide users access to their personal bank account information and functions, including but not limited to account transactions and balances988988
  Online banking – Text: electronic. – www.bankrate.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.bankrate.com/glossary/o/online-banking/


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Online Marketing is a set of tools and methodologies used for promoting products and services through the internet. Online marketing includes a wider range of marketing elements than traditional business marketing due to the extra channels and marketing mechanisms available on the internet. Online marketing can deliver benefits such as:

Growth in potential

Reduced expenses

Elegant communications

Better control

Improved customer service

Online marketing is also known as internet marketing, web marketing, or digital marketing. It includes several branches such as social media marketing (SMM), search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click advertising (PPC), and search engine marketing (SEM)989989
  Online Marketing – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26363/online-marketing


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Online Reputation Management (ORM) is the practice of crafting strategies that shape or influence the public perception of an organization, individual or other entity on the Internet. It helps drive public opinion about a business and its products and services990990
  Online Reputation Management (ORM) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29591/online-reputation-management-orm


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Online service is a general term that describes practically any website entity on the Internet. It can be understood as an umbrella term for a web site, online application and various other types of online service. Online service is an entity that provides access to various types of data for different uses via the Internet. Examples of online services include online banking, educational, news, shopping, dating, computer help sites, social media networks, and e-mail991991
  Online service – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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  Online service – Text: electronic. – www.computerhope.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/onliserv.htm


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Open access (OA) means free access to information and unrestricted use of electronic resources for everyone. Any kind of digital content can be OA, from texts and data to software, audio, video, and multi-media. While most of these are related to text only, a growing number are integrating text with images, data, and executable code. OA can also apply to non-scholarly content, like music, movies, and novels993993
  Open access (OA) – Text: electronic. – //en.unesco.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://en.unesco.org/open-access/what-open-access


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Open Data refers to the information acquired by a company, organization or some other instance that hasn’t been refined and that has been made available to the public for use free of charge. Open data is used, for example, in the platform economy as a way of creating broader value networks around an organization994994
  Open Data – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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Open government is a system of principles for organizing public administration based on the involvement of citizens, public organizations and business associations in the adoption and implementation of government decisions. The purpose of this involvement is to improve the quality of decisions made and to achieve a balance of interests.

Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration. A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The model is used for projects such as in open-source appropriate technology, and open-source drug discovery. Open Source Code refers to the software production and development methods that provide a user with an opportunity to familiarize themselves with the source code of a program and to edit it according to their needs. The principles of open source code include the freedom to use the program for any purpose and to copy and distribute the original as well as the edited version. Open source code can be used to refer not only to software development methods but also to the software created and to the developer community. Closed software, whose source code is not published, can be considered the opposite of free software and open source code995995
  Open source – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source


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  Open Source Code – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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Open-source license allows for a software product to be shared in certain ways, or for some types of collaborative research or development. In general, open-source licensing allows the source code of a project to be open or transparent, utilized by third parties, or changed or manipulated by members of a developer community997997
  Open-source license – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8687/open-source-license


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Operating system – the special software required to make a computer work. It provides the link between the user and the hardware. Popular operating systems include DOS, MacOS, VMS, VM, MVS, UNIX, and OS/2. Operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources998998
  Operating system – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#O


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  Operating system – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system


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Organic Search Results Or Natural Search Results are those search engine results that create traffic to a website without advertising. The order in which organic search results are placed is affected by several factors such as location, previous searches and so on. Search engine optimization aims to affect organic search results10001000
  Organic Search Results Or Natural Search Results – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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OUTBound Marketing is means traditional interruption marketing that utilizes methods such as cold calling. In addition, outbound marketing often refers to traditional mass marketing, in which, say, leaflets are distributed to tens of thousands of households. Digitization has been a game changer in that the power of traditional marketing has waned radically which in turn has forced organizations to adopt inbound marketing tactics to support their sales10011001
  OUTBound Marketing – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#O


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Outsourcing is the business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or create goods that were traditionally performed in-house by the company’s own employees and staff. Outsourcing is a practice usually undertaken by companies as a cost-cutting measure. As such, it can affect a wide range of jobs, ranging from customer support to manufacturing to the back office. Outsourcing was first recognized as a business strategy in 1989 and became an integral part of business economics throughout the 1990s. The practice of outsourcing is subject to considerable controversy in many countries. Those opposed argue that it has caused the loss of domestic jobs, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Supporters say it creates an incentive for businesses and companies to allocate resources where they are most effective, and that outsourcing helps maintain the nature of free-market economies on a global scale10021002
  Outsourcing – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/outsourcing.asp


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Owner of information constituting a commercial secret – a person who owns information constituting a commercial secret, has legally restricted access to this information and established a commercial secret regime in relation to it.

«P»

Packaged Business Capability (PCB) is a set of applications or services developed around a specific business function. A Packaged Business Capability is an collection consisting of services, a data schema and APIs. Packaged business capabilities are the building blocks of an composable business or composable commerce architecture. An example of a PBC is a shopping cart component10031003
  Packaged Business Capability (PCB) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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Packed decimal is a method of encoding two pieces of information in a single byte. For instance, instead of storing a digit in one byte and a sign in another byte using a traditional character encoding scheme, a packed decimal format might use a binary number to indicate the value of the digit in 4 bits of the byte and a code indicating whether the digit is positive or negative in the other 4 bits. The International Monetary Fund distributed data in packed decimal format10041004
  Packed decimal – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Pandas library (short for panel-data-s) is a machine learning tool used to explore, clean, transform, and visualize data, so it can be used in machine learning and training models. This is an open source Python library built on NumPy. Pandas can handle three types of data structures: Series, DataFrame, and Panel.

Panel is a group of people who are interviewed more than once over a long period of time during an extended study10051005
  Panel – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Panel study is a long-term study in which a panel of individuals is interviewed at intervals over a period of time. In general usage, the definitions of a continuous study and panel study overlap10061006
  Panel study – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried out simultaneously10071007
  Parallel computing – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing


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Parser is an algorithm or program to determine the syntactic structure of a sentence or string of symbols in some language. Essentially, a program that analyzes the structure of text, looking for particular patterns and extracting/editing based upon pre-established rules10081008
  Parser – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Participatory democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model10091009
  Participatory democracy – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_democracy


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Patent Activity is an indicator illustrating country’s patent activity such as registered patents and patent applications performed both by country’s residents as well as foreign residents10101010
  Patent Activity – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/patent-activity/77726


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Pay-per-click advertising (PPC) is an online advertising model in which revenue is earned via qualifying sponsored click-through advertisements. PPC is a search advertising component where advertisers bid on relevant keywords10111011
  Pay-per-click advertising (PPC) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24753/pay-per-click-ppc


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Peripheral device – equipment that allows information to be entered into or output from a computer.

Personal data information system – a set of personal data contained in databases and information technologies and technical means that ensure their processing.

Personal data operator – a state body, municipal body, legal entity or individual, independently or jointly with other persons organizing and (or) carrying out the processing of personal data, as well as determining the purposes of processing personal data, the composition of personal data to be processed, actions (operations) committed with personal data.

Personalization is the customization of software tools, websites, stores, advertising and products for specific users or consumers, based on the analysis of data about their individual behavior and interests.

Physical media is the physical material that is used to store or transmit information in a data transmission.

Physical record is a segment of data that has a specified and constant size in bytes or that is clearly delimited from other records by a newline character or sector of a disk or other means identifiable to a computer program reading the file. For example, a card-image data file has physical records of 80 bytes each, by definition. In a file in logical record length structure, each physical record is the same number of bytes in length as the «logical record length.» See also line10121012
  Physical record – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Pipeline is a category of techniques that provide simultaneous, or parallel, processing within the computer. It refers to overlapping operations by moving data or instructions into a conceptual pipe with all stages of the pipe processing simultaneously. For example, while one instruction is being executed, the computer is decoding the next instruction.» The term pipeline calls to mind the assembly line approach in manufacturing. The pipeline refers to the flow of digital content from reception through processing to public release with imbedded preservation milestones10131013
  Pipeline – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Pivot is a term used in the startup world to describe a deliberate major shift in business or strategy. Pivoting is a practical tool for adapting a business agilely to the demands of environmental change. The VUCA world and the transformational demands of digitalization have shifted the requirement for pivoting capability from early-stage start-ups to all types of organisations. Pivoting has been joined by a new term – micropivoting – which means adapting to market movements and the operating environment without changing the entire business strategy10141014
  Pivot – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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Platform as a service (PaaS) refers to the provision of a software platform in the form of a cloud service. In the model, the developer doesn’t need to worry about scalability or the need for more power as the platform automatically takes care of these. Examples of platforms offering PaaS include Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine and Force.com. PaaS is one of the three main cloud service models, the other two being Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model where a third-party provider delivers hardware and software tools to users over the internet. Usually, these tools are needed for application development. A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees developers from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application10151015
  Platform as a service (PaaS) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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  Platform as a service (PaaS) – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/Platform-as-a-Service-PaaS


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Platform Business Model by using information and communication technologies facilitates the exchange between buyers and sellers, consumers, and producers while at the same time providing the users with a reputation system addressing the difficult issue of trust10171017
  Platform Business Model – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/platform-business-model/69013


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Platform Economy is a business model brought about by the development of the Internet. In the platform economy, some entity – such as a company, some other organization or an individual – provides others with a technical platform that is meant to be used for commercial purposes. By exercising platform economy, a company is able to change the value chain logics of their industry. Examples of platform economy operators include spreadshirt.com and Amazon.com10181018
  Platform Economy – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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Platform solutions are a set of technological solutions that are the basis for creating a wide range of end products and services. Platform solutions include: databases, programming and design languages, computer-aided design systems, etc.

Polkadot (DOT) is a unique PoS cryptocurrency aimed at delivering interoperability among other blockchains. Its protocol is designed to connect permissioned and permissionless blockchains and oracles to allow systems to work together under one roof. Polkadot’s core component is its relay chain, which enables the interoperability of varying networks. It also provides for «parachains» – parallel blockchains with their own native tokens for specific-use cases. Where Polkadot differs from Ethereum is that rather than creating just dApps on Polkadot, developers can create their own blockchain while also using the security that Polkadot’s chain already has. With Ethereum, developers can create new blockchains but need to create their own security measures, which can leave new and smaller projects open to attack because the larger a blockchain, the more security it has. This concept in Polkadot is known as shared security10191019
  Polkadot (DOT) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/


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Portable Document Format (PDF) is a universal file format that retains the page layout, typography, and graphics of the original document and can be viewed, printed, and searched with viewer software such as Adobe Acrobat10201020
  Portable Document Format (PDF) – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Portable file in computer usage, a file or program is «portable» if it can be used by a variety of software on a variety of hardware platforms10211021
  Portable file – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Portal is an online service which acts as a gateway to an array of different services. The services are either technically inside the portal or it can be a website that gathers external services to one place. In everyday speech, portal is used to refer to practically all kinds of online services10221022
  Portal – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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Predictive analytics is a branch of advanced analytics that makes predictions about future outcomes using historical data combined with statistical modeling, data mining techniques and machine learning. Companies employ predictive analytics to find patterns in this data to identify risks and opportunities10231023
  .Предиктивная аналитика – Text: electronic. – www.ibm.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.ibm.com/analytics/predictive-analytics#:~:text=Predictive%20analytics%20is%20a%20branch,to%20identify%20risks%20and%20opportunities.


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Predictive systems are systems that capture relationships between variables in historical datasets and their outcomes. The convergence of machine learning software (ML), digital language processing (DLP), sentiment analysis, and massive cloud storage technology enables today’s specialists to use AI-guided programs to analyze years of historical data along with real time current events, allowing data rich analysis completely free from human emotion and biases10241024
  .Predictive systems – Text: electronic. – www.predictivetechnologysystems.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.predictivetechnologysystems.com


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Primary storage (also known as main memory, internal memory, or prime memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner10251025
  Primary storage – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Primary_storage


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Principal investigator is the person or organization responsible for a study; equivalent to «author» in bibliographic citations10261026
  Principal investigator – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#P


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Priorities of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation are the most important areas of scientific and technological development of the state, within which technologies are created and used, solutions are implemented that most effectively respond to big challenges, and which are provided as a matter of priority with personnel, infrastructure, information, financial and other resources.

Processing of large volumes of data is a set of approaches, tools and methods for automatic processing of structured and unstructured information coming from a large number of different, including disparate or loosely connected sources of information, in volumes that cannot be processed manually in a reasonable time.

Processing of personal data – any action (operation) or a set of actions (operations) performed with the use of automation tools or without the use of such tools with personal data, including collection, recording, systematization, accumulation, storage, clarification (updating, changing), extraction, use, transfer (distribution, provision, access), depersonalization, blocking, deletion, destruction of personal data. Processing personal data refers to any operations performed on this personal data (whether those operations are automated or not). Common types of personal data processing include (but are not limited to) collecting, recording, organizing, structuring, storing, modifying, consulting, using, publishing, combining, erasing, and destroying data10271027
  Processing personal data – Text: electronic. – www.atinternet.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.atinternet.com/en/glossary/processing/


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Proctoring is a procedure for monitoring and controlling a remote test.

Product innovation is a good or service that is new or significantly improved. This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, software in the product, user friendliness or other functional characteristics10281028
  Product innovation – Text: electronic. – www.oecd.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.oecd.org/site/innovationstrategy/defininginnovation.htm


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Product-Led Growth (PLG) is putting your product at the center of your company. It is a strategy that uses the product as a channel to drive organizational Key Performance Indicators such as sales, engagement, and reach. PLG thus includes the idea of developing a fantastic product, providing a world-class user experience, and adding a viral loop to your product10291029
  Product-Led Growth (PLG) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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Programmability – the ability to «quick start» application development using specialized software and frameworks.

Promising methods of artificial intelligence – methods aimed at creating fundamentally new scientific and technical products, including for the development of universal (strong) artificial intelligence (autonomous solution of various problems, automatic design of physical objects, automatic machine learning, algorithms for solving problems based on data with partial markup and (or) small amounts of data, information processing based on new types of computing systems, interpreted data processing and other methods).

Providing personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to a certain person or a certain circle of persons.

Provision of information – actions aimed at obtaining information by a certain circle of persons or transferring information to a certain circle of persons.

Provision of information constituting a trade secret – the transfer of information constituting a trade secret and fixed on a material carrier by its owner to state authorities, other state bodies, local governments in order to perform their functions.

Psychometry is a branch of psychology that studies the theory and methodology of psychological measurements, including the measurement of knowledge and abilities of an individual.

Public platform – an information system for collecting, processing, storing and publishing data sets, available on the information and telecommunications network «Internet».

Publishing System, Or Content Management system (CMS) nowadays, a website is nearly always built upon a publishing system. A publishing system, or today perhaps more often a Content Management System or CMS, refers to a product that lets you create a website by focusing on content and navigation rather than programming. The world’s most popular content management system by far is WordPress10301030
  Publishing System, Or Content Management system (CMS) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#P


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