Текст книги "Глоссариум по цифровой экономике. 1500 терминов и определений"

Digital Supply Chain is a digital supply chain refers to processes that use advanced technologies to get better insights into the functions of each stakeholder along the chain to enable them to take better decisions804804
  Digital Supply Chain – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/port-dada-integration/100873


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Digital technology – the branch of scientific or engineering knowledge that deals with the creation and practical use of digital or computerized devices, methods, systems, etc.805805
  Digital technology – Text: electronic. – www.dictionary.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/digital-technology


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Digital Technology business is a business whose primary purpose is to both create AND sell digital technology products, services or solutions806806
  Digital Technology business – Text: electronic. – //digitaltechitp.nz (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://digitaltechitp.nz/defining-the-digital-sector/


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Digital transaction is a seamless system involving one or more participants, where transactions are effected without the need for cash. The digital transaction involves a constantly evolving way of doing things where financial technology (fintech) companies collaborate with various sectors of the economy for the purpose of meeting the increasingly sophisticated demands of the growing tech-savvy users807807
  Digital transaction – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-transaction.asp


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Digital Transformation is the intensive use of information technologies and the transfer of business processes and information to digital (electronic) environment by saving money and time808808
  Digital Transformation – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/reverse-logistics-in-the-age-of-digital-transformation-for-circular-economy-and-halal-logistics-through-the-leadership-of-asia/59520


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Digital transformation is the process of integrating digital technologies into all aspects of activity, requiring fundamental changes in technology, culture, operations and the principles of creating new products and services.

Digital transformation of federal executive bodies and management bodies of state off-budget funds – a set of actions carried out by a state body aimed at changing (transforming) state administration and the activities of a state body to provide them with public services and perform public functions through the use of data in electronic form and implementation information technologies in their activities for the purposes specified in the Regulation approved by Decree No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive authorities and management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds».

Digital transformation of the economy is a continuous and dynamically changing process of development, implementation and development of innovations and new technologies in all its sectors, which fundamentally affects the socio-economic and cultural development of the information society.

Digital transformation of the Institute of the Commissioner for Human Rights is a continuous and dynamically changing process of designing, implementing and developing innovations and new technologies in order to improve the management model and improve the quality of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as changing the mechanisms and improving the efficiency of public administration, fundamental influencing the approach, as well as the socio-economic, cultural, legal, international development of the modern information society in the field of rights protection. The term was first introduced by Alexander Chesalov in his book Digital Ecosystem of the Ombudsman Institute: Concept, Technologies, Practice (2021).

Digital transformation program implemented by a public authority is a document containing activities that are collectively aimed at the phased implementation of the digital transformation of a public authority, goals and corresponding indicators (including their values) of the effectiveness and efficiency of the public administration system, which are planned to be achieved by a public authority through the digital transformation of a public body in the next financial year and the planning period provided for by the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation, including information on the sources and amounts of financial support necessary for this.

Digital transformation project of a state body – a list of activities of the digital transformation program, the implementation of which is carried out by the state body in accordance with the model regulation on the management of digital transformation projects, approved in accordance with the Regulation approved by Decree No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive bodies and management bodies of state non-budgetary funds.

Digital Twin is a digital representation of a real-world entity or system. The implementation of a digital twin is an encapsulated software object or model that mirrors a unique physical object, process, organization, person or other abstraction. Data from multiple digital twins can be aggregated for a composite view across a number of real-world entities, such as a power plant or a city, and their related processes809809
  Digital Twin – Text: electronic. – www.gartner.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/digital-twin


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Digitalization is a new stage in the automation and informatization of economic activity and public administration, the process of transition to digital technologies, which is based not only on the use of information and communication technologies to solve production or management problems, but also on the accumulation and analysis of big data with their help in order to predict situation, optimization of processes and costs, attraction of new contractors, etc.

Digitalization is means transforming business models into numerous digital processes, which are often reduced to a combination of digital and physical. Digitization is the term has no established definition, but it is characterized by the utilization of modern technologies in a way that fundamentally changes operations and creates significant value. Value networks, customerization, new business models and implementing fast cycle time in product development are some of the typical features of digitization. According to Gartner, digitization is a paradigm change grown out of technology development and the next stage of digital evolution. In digitization, everything is built with the customer in mind. To put it simply, digitization changes our everyday lives810810
  Digitalisation – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/it-strategy-follows-digitalization/7748


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  Digitalisation – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#D


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Digitization Of Business is a process in which a traditional business concept is reconceptualized and then altered to utilize digital means in the core business processes. Digital technologies are no longer in a supporting role; instead, they can be found in the strategic core. The digitization of business involves concepts such as openness, network-like structures, digital business concept, user experience and accelerating change812812
  Digitization Of Business – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#D


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Disaster tolerance is the ability of a system to restore an application on an alternate cluster when the primary cluster fails. Disaster tolerance is based on data replication and failover. Data replication is the copying of data from a primary cluster to a backup or secondary cluster813813
  Disaster tolerance – Text: electronic. – //docs.oracle.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19050-01/sun.cluster31/817-6543/auto29/index.html


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Disclosure Limitation is procedures undertaken to limit the risk of disclosure of individual identities in data files. The techniques used for disclosure limitation include data masking, recoding, topcoding, swapping, and perturbation. Like data processing, the process and results of disclosure limitation need to be systematically, comprehensively, and transparently documented for users814814
  Disclosure Limitation – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#D


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Disclosure of information constituting a commercial secret – an action or inaction as a result of which information constituting a commercial secret, in any possible form (oral, written, other form, including using technical means) becomes known to third parties without the consent of the owner of such information, or contrary to an employment or civil law contract.

Disintermediation is the removal intermediaries between producers and consumers is called disintermediation815815
  Disintermediation – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/user-generated-content-and-its-influence-on-tourists-choices/7933


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Disruption Or Disruptive Innovation is a phenomenon in which some innovation that’s based on new technology challenges the traditional operators and operations of an industry. Today, digital business enables disruption more efficiently than ever before. The meaning of disruption is perhaps better explained by the term disruptive innovation, which refers to breaking an established operational model and replacing it with a new one. Typical examples of disruptive operators include Uber and AirBnB. Disruptive innovation is the introduction of a product or service into an established industry that performs better and, generally, at a lower cost than existing offerings, thereby displacing the market leaders in that particular market space and transforming the industry816816
  Disruption Or Disruptive Innovation – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#D


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  Disruptive Innovation – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/disruptive-innovation


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Disruptive technology is an innovation that significantly alters the way that consumers, industries, or businesses operate. A disruptive technology sweeps away the systems or habits it replaces because it has attributes that are recognizably superior818818
  Disruptive technology – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disruptive-technology.asp


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Dissemination of information – actions aimed at obtaining information by an indefinite circle of persons or transferring information to an indefinite circle of persons.

Dissemination of personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to an indefinite circle of persons.

Distance learning also called distance education, e-learning, and online learning, form of education in which the main elements include physical separation of teachers and students during instruction and the use of various technologies to facilitate student-teacher and student-student communication. Distance learning traditionally has focused on nontraditional students, such as full-time workers, military personnel, and nonresidents or individuals in remote regions who are unable to attend classroom lectures. However, distance learning has become an established part of the educational world, with trends pointing to ongoing growth819819
  Distance learning – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/distance-learning


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Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) refers to the technological infrastructure and protocols that allows simultaneous access, validation, and record updating in an immutable manner across a network that’s spread across multiple entities or locations820820
  Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/distributed-ledger-technology-dlt.asp


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Document Type Definition (DTD) – a set of rules that applies SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) or XML (eXtensible Markup Language) to the markup of documents of a particular type. A DTD provides a list of the elements, attributes, comments, notes, and entities that may be used in the document, as well as their relationships to one another821821
  Document Type Definition (DTD) – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#D


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Documentation generically, any information on the structure, contents, and layout of a data file. Sometimes called «technical documentation» or «a codebook». Documentation may be considered a specialized form of metadata822822
  Documentation – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#D


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Documented information – information recorded on a material carrier by means of documentation with details that make it possible to determine such information, or, in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, its material carrier.

Dogecoin (DOGE) seen by some as the original «memcoin» caused a stir in 2021 as its price skyrocketed. The coin, which uses an image of the Shiba Inu as its avatar, is accepted as a form of payment by some major companies. Dogecoin was created by two software engineers, Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer, in 2013. Markus and Palmer reportedly created the coin as a joke, commenting on the wild speculation of the cryptocurrency market823823
  Dogecoin (DOGE) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/


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Domain, Or The Name Of An Online Service is an Internet-based home address that identifies an online service. Domain name is a designation with symbols intended for addressing sites on the Internet in order to provide access to information posted on the Internet824824
  Domain, Or The Name Of An Online Service – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#D


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Downloading is the transmission of a file from one computer system to another, usually to a smaller computer system. From the Internet user’s point-of-view, to download a file is to request it from a Web page on another computer and to receive it825825
  Downloading – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#D


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Driver is computer software that allows other software (the operating system) to access the hardware of a device.

Drone – unmanned aerial vehicle (unmanned aerial system).

«E»

E-business (electronic business) is the conduct of online business processes on the web, internet, extranet or a combination thereof. These customer-, internal– and management-focused business processes include buying and selling goods and services, servicing customers, processing payments, managing production and supply chains, collaborating with business partners, sharing information, running automated employee services and recruiting employees826826
  E-business – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/e-business


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E-business infrastructure is the architecture of hardware, software, content and data used to deliver e-business services to employees, customers and partners. infrastructure can also be considered to include the methods for publishing data and documents accessed through e-business applications827827
  E-business infrastructure – Text: electronic. – //view.officeapps.live.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.dinus.ac.id%2Fdocs%2Fajar%2Flecture_3.pptx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDefinition%2Caccessed%2520through%2520e%252Dbusiness%2520applications&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK


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E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. E-сommerce is defined as fully electronic commerce, maintaining relationships and conducting business transactions that include selling information, services, and goods by means of computer telecommunications networks828828
  E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/e-commerce


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  E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.britannica.com/technology/e-commerce


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Economic impact analysis (EIA) examines the effect of an event on the economy in a specified area, ranging from a single neighborhood to the entire globe. It usually measures changes in business revenue, business profits, personal wages, and/or jobs. The economic event analyzed can include implementation of a new policy or project, or may simply be the presence of a business or organization. An economic impact analysis is commonly conducted when there is public concern about the potential impacts of a proposed project or policy830830
  Economic impact analysis – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_analysis


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Economic Space is economic system that has a space-time dimension and is determined by institutions and economic relations between economic agents831831
  Economic Space – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/common-economic-space/81247


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Economics of Distance Education is a new perspective with growing importance with regard to the provision of distance education services, which has developed through the approaches of the economics of education particularly in accordance with the novel approaches to fulfill individual’s educational needs832832
  Economics of Distance Education – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/development-trends-in-economics-of-distance-education-from-the-perspective-of-new-technologies/39127


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Ecosystem of the digital economy is a partnership of organizations that ensures the constant interaction of their technological platforms, applied Internet services, analytical systems, information systems of state authorities of the Russian Federation, organizations and citizens.

EDACC European Digital ACCounting is a working scenario for digital accounting centered on the electronic invoicing technology833833
  EDACC European Digital ACCounting – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/meta-digital-accounting-in-the-context-of-cloud-computing/41323


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EDI Electronic Data Interchange is a series of standards and conventions for the transfer of structured digital information between organizations, based on certain regulations and formats of transmitted messages834834
  EDI Electronic Data Interchange – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/edi-electronic-data-interchange/9084


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E-Government Infrastructure – a set of state information systems, software and hardware and communication networks located on the territory of the Russian Federation that ensure, when providing services and performing functions in electronic form, the interaction of state authorities of the Russian Federation, local governments, citizens and legal entities.

Electronic Agrobusiness is any form of agricultural business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact835835
  Electronic Agrobusiness – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/transformation-and-development-of-agriculture-sector-in-industrial-revolution-40-era-in-indonesia/97990


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Electronic circuit – a product, a combination of individual electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and integrated circuits, interconnected to perform any task or a circuit (drawing) with conventional signs.

Electronic Commerce is financial transactions and transactions carried out through the Internet and private communication networks, during which purchases and sales of goods and services are made, as well as money transfers836836
  Electronic Commerce – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/electronic-commerce/9327


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Electronic document – documented information presented in electronic form, that is, in a form suitable for human perception using electronic computers, as well as for transmission over information and telecommunication networks or processing in information systems.

Electronic government (e-Government) is a package of technologies and a set of related organizational measures, regulatory and legal support for organizing digital interaction between public authorities of various branches of government, citizens, organizations and other economic entities.

Electronic industry – a set of organizations that perform scientific, technological and other work in the field of development, production, maintenance of operation, as well as providing services related to electronic and microelectronic products, respectively.

Electronic message is information transmitted or received by a user of an information and telecommunications network.

Electronic Russia – Federal Target Program (FTP) «Electronic Russia» (2002—2010). Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 28, 2002 No. 65. The purpose of the program: Improving the quality of relations between the state and society by expanding the possibility of citizens’ access to information about the activities of public authorities, increasing the efficiency of providing state and municipal services, introducing uniform standards for servicing the population.

Electronic signature or e-signature, is data that is logically associated with other data and which is used by the signatory to sign the associated data. This type of signature has the same legal standing as a handwritten signature as long as it adheres to the requirements of the specific regulation under which it was created837837
  Electronic signature – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signature


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Electronic state is a way of implementing the information aspects of state activity based on the use of IT systems, as well as a new type of state based on the use of this technology. In the Russian Federation, activities to create an «electronic state» are carried out within the framework of the federal target program «Electronic Russia».

Element (XML) is the central building block of any XML document. Example of XML elements:

<book> <chapter> <title> The Beginning </title> <intro> blah blah blah… </intro> </chapter> </book>

In the example above, book, chapter, title, and intro are elements838838
  Element (XML) – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#E


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Eli5 is a Python framework used for debugging and visualizing machine learning models. By default, it supports several machine learning frameworks – Scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, lightning, Keras and so on. Eli5 also provides LIME and Permutation Importance models to test machine learning pipelines as black boxes.

E-marketplace is a virtual space that provides infrastructure services for buyers and sellers to meet and conduct business transactions online839839
  E-marketplace – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/small-business-collaboration-through-electronic/8848


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Embargo is a period of time during which access to data is not allowed to users. Information about the data collection, including metadata and DOI, is still discoverable during the embargo period840840
  Embargo – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#E


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Embedded system is a computer system, a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices – that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today841841
  Embedded system – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system


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Encryption is the reversible transformation of information in order to hide from unauthorized persons, while providing, at the same time, authorized users access to it.

Endpoint security is in many ways the direct descendent of the first forms of computer protection in the earliest days of IT. But it’s a rapidly developing category, as organizations look to coordinate control of the PCs, servers and phones on their networks to keep out malware and intruders842842
  Endpoint security – Text: electronic. – www.csoonline.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3275958/5-top-trends-in-endpoint-security-for-2018.html


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End-to-end describes a process that takes a system or service from beginning to end and delivers a complete functional solution, usually without needing to obtain anything from a third party. It often refers to vendors that can see a project through from beginning to end, and supply everything needed to create a workable solution – be it hardware, software, labor, written materials, and procedures843843
  End-to-end – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/end-to-end.asp


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End-to-end digital technologies – a set of technologies that are part of the digital economy: big data, neurotechnology and artificial intelligence, distributed registry systems, quantum technologies, new production technologies, industrial Internet, robotics and sensor components, wireless communication technologies, virtual and augmented reality technologies.

Energy Efficiency – from both economic and environmental points of view, it is important to minimize the energy costs of both training and running an agent or model.

Engineering – the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of «scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behaviour under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.» The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts844844
  Engineering – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering


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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a process used by companies to manage and integrate the important parts of their businesses. Many ERP software applications are important to companies because they help them implement resource planning by integrating all of the processes needed to run their companies with a single system. An ERP software system can also integrate planning, purchasing inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and more845845
  Enterprise resource planning (ERP) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/erp.asp


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Entrepreneurship – the ability of a person to create, encourage and innovate, in the current market through specific characteristics846846
  Entrepreneurship – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/women-entrepreneurship-in-turkey-as-an-emerging-economy/10036


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Ergatic system is a scheme of production, one of the elements of which is a person or a group of people and a technical device through which a person carries out his activities. The main features of such systems are socio-psychological aspects. Along with the disadvantages (the presence of the «human factor»), ergatic systems have a number of advantages, such as fuzzy logic, evolution, decision-making in non-standard situations847847
  .Эргатическая система – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org. (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0


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Ethereum (ETH) is a decentralized software platform that enables smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps) to be built and run without any downtime, fraud, control, or interference from a third party. The goal behind Ethereum is to create a decentralized suite of financial products that anyone in the world can freely access, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or faith. This aspect makes the implications for those in some countries more compelling because those without state infrastructure and state identifications can get access to bank accounts, loans, insurance, or a variety of other financial products848848
  Ethereum (ETH) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ethereum.asp


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Executable or an executable program, sometimes simply referred to as an executable or binary, causes a computer «to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions», as opposed to a data file that must be interpreted (parsed) by a program to be meaningful849849
  Executable – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable


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Expert systems are systems that use industry knowledge (from medicine, chemistry, law) combined with sets of rules that describe how to apply the knowledge.

Extended Reality (XR) is a term referring to all real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions generated by computer technology and wearables, where the «X» represents a variable for any current or future spatial computing technologies. It includes representative forms such as augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR) and virtual reality (VR) and the areas interpolated among them. The levels of virtuality range from partially sensory inputs to immersive virtuality, also called VR850850
  Extended Reality (XR) – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/extended-reality-xr/64352#:~:text=Extended%20reality%20(XR)%20is%20a,or%20future%20spatial%20computing%20technologies.


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Extensive way of developing the hardware and software complex for artificial intelligence – increasing the number of processors, cores in them, etc., within the framework of the traditional von Neumann model, should be replaced by qualitative changes in the technologies of the hardware and software complex.

Extranet is a private network that enterprises use to provide trusted third parties – such as suppliers, vendors, partners, customers and other businesses – secure, controlled access to business information or operations851851
  Extranet – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/extranet


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