Текст книги "Глоссариум по цифровой экономике. 1500 терминов и определений"

Pytorch & Torch library is a machine learning library that is primarily used for natural language processing and computer vision applications. Developed by the AI Research Lab and released in September 2016, it is an open source library based on the Torch library for scientific computing and machine learning. PyTorch provides operations with an n-dimensional array object similar to NumPy, however, in addition, it offers faster calculations due to integration with a graphics processor. PyTorch automatically distinguishes between building and training neural networks. PyTorch has contributed to the development of several deep learning programs – Tesla Autopilot, Uber’s Pyro, PyTorch Lighten, etc.

«Q»

Quantization – dividing the range of reference signal values into a finite number of levels and rounding these values to one of the two levels closest to them.

Quantum computing is an area of study focused on the development of computer based technologies centered around the principles of quantum theory. Quantum theory explains the nature and behavior of energy and matter on the quantum (atomic and subatomic) level. Quantum computing uses a combination of bits to perform specific computational tasks. All at a much higher efficiency than their classical counterparts. Development of quantum computers mark a leap forward in computing capability, with massive performance gains for specific use cases. For example quantum computing excels at like simulations. The quantum computer gains much of its processing power through the ability for bits to be in multiple states at one time. They can perform tasks using a combination of 1’s, 0’s and both a 1 and 0 simultaneously. Current research centers in quantum computing include MIT, IBM, Oxford University, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In addition, developers have begun gaining access to quantum computers through cloud services10311031
  Quantum computing – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/quantum-computing


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Quantum technologies are technologies for creating computing systems based on new principles (quantum effects), which make it possible to radically change the ways of transmitting and processing large amounts of data.

Qubit, quantum bit – the basic unit of information in a quantum computer10321032
  Qubit – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit


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«R»

Rainbird is an Artificial Intelligence platform that makes the business operations smarter. It enables enterprises to build systems with human-like decision making abilities resulting in greater efficiency and increased quality. Rainbird enables users to take existing, human, business knowledge and combine it with the company’s data to automate knowledge work and deliver consultative systems that can transform the way the company’s staff and customers interact with each other. Rainbird is at the forefront of knowledge work automation technology. It is a powerful ecosystem for reengineering knowledge work enabling companies to automate and augment the work their staff’s performance.

Receptiviti – AI platform gives AI technologies emotional intelligence by revealing users’ psychology, personality, decision-making style and emotions in real-time. Receptiviti enables bot makers and AI technologists to empower their platforms with emotional intelligence so they can discriminate between their users’ feelings, emotions and thinking styles, and use these insights to guide actions, communication styles and build stronger relationships and user dependencies.

Recode often a data analyst or data producer will produce new data values from raw data and include these in a data file; this process is called «recoding.» For instance, an age variable might contain a respondent’s actual age in years, but this information might be «recoded» to produce a new variable, «eligible voter,» with a code of «1» for all those 18 and over and a code of «2» for all those under 1810331033
  Recode – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Recommender systems and intelligent decision support systems are a class of decisions that ensure the execution of a process without human intervention, support in choosing decisions, as well as predicting objects that will be of interest to the user.

Record depending on the context, «record» may refer to a physical record or a logical record10341034
  Record – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Record length depending on the context, the length in bytes (i.e., columns) of a physical record or a logical record10351035
  Record length – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Record type is a record that has a consistent logical structure. In files that include different units of analysis, for instance, different record types are needed to hold the different variables. For example, one record type might have a variable for income in one column and another record type might have a variable for household size in that same column. The codebook will describe these different structures and how to determine which is which so that the user can tell statistical software how to interpret that particular column as income or household size10361036
  Record type – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Rectangular file is a physical file structure. A rectangular file is one that contains the same number of card images or the same physical record length for each respondent or unit of analysis. Contrast with hierarchical files10371037
  Rectangular file – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Reference architecture is a document or set of documents that provides recommended structures and integrations of IT products and services to form a solution. The reference architecture embodies accepted industry best practices, typically suggesting the optimal delivery method for specific technologies. A reference architecture offers IT best practices in an easy-to-understand format that guides the implementation of complex technology solutions10381038
  Reference architecture – Text: electronic. – www.hpe.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.hpe.com/us/en/what-is/reference-architecture.html


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Related areas of the use of artificial intelligence are technologies and technological solutions in which artificial intelligence is used as a mandatory element, including robotics and unmanned vehicle control.

Relational structure is a study that includes different units of analysis, particularly when those units are not arranged in a strict hierarchy as they are in a hierarchical file, has a relational structure. Note that the data could be arranged in several different physical structures to handle such a data structure. For instance, each unit of analysis might be stored in a separate rectangular file with identification numbers linking each case to the other units; or, the different units of analysis might be stored in one large file with a hierarchical file structure; or the different units could be stored in a special database structure used by a relational database management system. An example of a study with a relational structure is the Survey of Income and Program Participation, which has eight or more record types; these record types are related to each other but are not all members of a hierarchy of membership. For instance, there are record types for household, family, person, wage and salary job, and general income amounts10391039
  Relational structure – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Remote Consultation is consultation via remote telecommunications, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of a patient at a site remote from the primary physician10401040
  Remote Consultation – Text: electronic. – www.definitions.net (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.definitions.net/definition/remote+consultation


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Remote Medical Care is a telemedicine service, which allows constant monitoring of the patient’s condition and performance of preventive and control check-ups outside medical facilities. This form of care is made possible by the use of mobile devices which measure vital signs. Results are transmitted to the Remote Medical Care Center, where they are automatically analyzed. If any abnormalities are detected, medical staff contact the patient and calls an ambulance in the event of an emergency10411041
  Remote Medical Care – Text: electronic. – www.comarch.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.comarch.com/healthcare/products/remote-medical-care/


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Reservation System is an online service that allows you to make reservations for products. In addition to making a reservation, it’s often possible to buy tickets through the system as well10421042
  Reservation System – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#R


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Respondent in survey research, is the person responding to the survey questions10431043
  Respondent – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Response codes typically responses to questions are «coded» by assigning numeric codes to each possible response. Thus, a «yes» might be coded «1» and a «no» «2»; female respondents might be indicated «1» and male respondents «2»; each state or county might be assigned a numeric code10441044
  Response codes – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Responsible AI is a general term for the aspects of good business and ethical decision making when implementing AI that organizations often decide on their own10451045
  .Ответственный искусственный интеллект – Text: electronic. – www.accenture.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.accenture.com/us-en/services/applied-intelligence/ai-ethics-governance#:~:text=Responsible%20AI%20is%20the%20practice,and%20scale%20AI%20with%20confidence.


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Restricted-use data is data that contain sensitive information (usually about human subjects) that could permit the identification of individuals. The presence of sensitive information in deposited digital content presents a management challenge for long-term preservation to ensure that archival storage requirements for achieving distributed redundancy address confidentiality requirements, for example10461046
  Restricted-use data – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#R


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Retargeting (Remarketing) is a digital marketing method in which a web page visitor can be shown desired ads as they visit other sites. Remarketing is used, for instance, to guide a visitor through the conversion funnel and to increase brand awareness10471047
  Retargeting (Remarketing) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#R


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Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight into exactly how it does so10481048
  Reverse engineering – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering


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Reverse Marketing is the concept of marketing where the customer searches the company and not the company searches the customer. Reverse marketing focuses on the customer approaching the sellers10491049
  Reverse Marketing – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/the-degree-of-smes-digitalization-in-the-context-of-the-european-digital-united-market/101621


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Rigid logic systems – a system built on the principle of automated control devices created on combinational logic circuits, triggers, counters, registers, decoders.

Risk Management – the range of activities that may be taken to avoid the occurrence of an undesirable event or to modify, minimize, or eliminate the consequences should the event occur (e.g., an insurance policy against particular risks would not prevent the occurrence, but would compensate for the financial and other consequences of the outcome)10501050
  Risk Management – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/risk-management/25424


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Robotic sensors are used to estimate a robot’s condition and environment. These signals are passed to a controller to enable appropriate behavior. Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human sensory organs. Robots require extensive information about their environment in order to function effectively10511051
  Robotic sensors – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_sensors


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RSS RDF Site Summary or Really Simple Syndication is a web feed that allows users and applications to access updates to websites in a standardized, computer-readable format. Subscribing to RSS feeds can allow a user to keep track of many different websites in a single news aggregator, which constantly monitor sites for new content, removing the need for the user to manually check them. News aggregators (or «RSS readers») can be built into a browser, installed on a desktop computer, or installed on a mobile device10521052
  RSS RDF Site Summary or Really Simple Syndication – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS


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«S»

Safe software and service – software and service certified for compliance with information security requirements established by a federal executive authority authorized in the field of security, or a federal executive authority authorized in the field of countering technical intelligence and technical information protection.

Scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process to cope with an increase in workload (increase its performance) when resources (usually hardware) are added.

Scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation is the transformation of science and technology into a key factor in the development of Russia and ensuring the country’s ability to effectively respond to great challenges.

Scikit-learn library is an easy-to-learn, open-source Python machine learning library built on NumPy, SciPy, and matplotlib. It can be used for data classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, model selection, and preprocessing.

SciPy library is an open source Python library for performing scientific and technical calculations in Python. It was developed by an open community of developers, which also supports and sponsors development. SciPy offers several packages of algorithms and functions that support scientific calculations: constants, cluster, fft, fftpack, integrate, etc. SciPy is essentially part of the NumPy stack and uses multidimensional arrays as data structures provided by the NumPy module. Originally released in 2001, it was distributed under the BSD license with a repository on GitHub.

Seaborn library is a Python data visualization library for creating «attractive and informative» statistical graphs. Seaborn is based on Matplotlib. It includes a variety of visualizations to choose from, including time series and joint graphs.

Search engine – an information system that, at the user’s request, searches the Internet for information of a certain content and provides the user with information about the site page index on the Internet to access the requested information located on sites on the Internet owned by other persons, with the exception of information systems used for the implementation of state and municipal functions, the provision of state and municipal services, as well as for the exercise of other public powers established by federal laws.

Search Engine Advertising (SEA) Or Search Engine Marketing (SEM) is buying advertising space from search engines. Billing is done according to how may clicks the ad gets. Google AdWords is an example of a search engine advertising tool within Google’s search engines. Search engine marketing (SEM) is a process by which multiple methods are utilized to improve market visibility and exposure for a brand, product or service. SEM mechanisms include Search Engine Optimization (SEO), social networking, bid placement, pay-per-click (PPC), contextual advertising, paid inclusion, geomapping, AdSense and AdWords, as well as multiple media formats, such as YouTube10531053
  Search Engine Advertising (SEA) Or Search Engine Marketing (SEM) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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  Search engine marketing (SEM) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25079/search-engine-marketing-sem


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Search engine optimization (SEO) refers to methods used to increase traffic to a website by increasing its search engine page rank. SEO often involves improving the quality of the content, ensuring that it is rich in relevant keywords and organizing it by using subheads, bullet points, and bold and italic characters. SEO also ensures that the site’s HTML is optimized such that a search engine can determine what is on the page and display it as a search result in relevant searches. These standards involve the use of metadata, including the title tag and meta description. Cross linking within the website is also important. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a process that aims at directing desired traffic to a particular website. Essentially, the aim of SEO is to make pages more visible in the organic search results of search engines (such as Google)10551055
  Search engine optimization (SEO) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5391/search-engine-optimization-seo


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  Search Engine Optimization (SEO) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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Secondary analysis is the process of reexamining existing data to address new questions or use methods not previously employed10571057
  Secondary analysis – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#S


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Security of a critical information infrastructure is the state of security of a critical information infrastructure that ensures its stable operation when carried out against its computer attacks.

Self-diagnostics of systems – the ability of a system to independently detect, localize and analyze errors and failures.

Semantic dynamic analysis is a stage in the sequence of actions of the algorithm for automatic understanding of texts, which consists in highlighting semantic relations, forming a semantic representation of texts.

Semantic knowledge representation – algorithms for representing a sentence written in some natural language in a logical form suitable for computer processing. Based on the data, the computer makes logical (for example, deductive) conclusions that allow it to assign a word to one category or another and make a semantic analysis of new sentences10581058
  .Глоссарий по теме «Искусственный интеллект»» ИНТЕЛРОС (intelros.ru)


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Semi-structured data is data that does not conform to a data model but has some structure. It lacks a fixed or rigid schema. It is the data that does not reside in a rational database but that have some organizational properties that make it easier to analyze10591059
  Semi-structured data – Text: electronic. – www.geeksforgeeks.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-semi-structured-data/


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Sensemaking is the process by which people give meaning to their collective experiences. It has been defined as «the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing» (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409). The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the 1970s and has affected both theory and practice10601060
  Sensemaking – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/sensemaking/26460


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Service Design means the innovation, development and planning of services using customer-centric design methods. The central goal of service design is to plan a service experience in such a way that the service meets both the needs of the users and the business objectives of the service provider10611061
  Service Design – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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Service provider (SP) is an organization that provides services, such as consulting, legal, real estate, communications, storage, and processing services, to other organizations. Although a service provider can be an sub-unit of the organization that it serves, it is usually a third-party or outsourced supplier10621062
  Service provider (SP) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_provider


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Setup files is a character format file written in a statistical software language (SAS, SPSS, Stata, etc.) describing a data file. These files are useful because they provide variable locations, names, and labels. Software-specific code must be added to perform analysis10631063
  Setup files – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#S


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SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a generic language for document representation. SGML is an international standard that describes the relationship between a document’s content and its structure10641064
  SGML – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#S


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Sharing Economy refers to a business model in which a company, some other organization of a private individual shares a resource they own to others in return for compensation. The sharing economy is based on the idea that sharing a resource that someone owns wide enough minimizes the unit cost but still manages to create a commercially viable business. An example of the sharing economy is AirBnB, which allows people to rent out their own apartments. Sharing economy is an economic model defined as a peer-to-peer (P2P) based activity of acquiring, providing, or sharing access to goods and services that is often facilitated by a community-based online platform10651065
  Sharing Economy – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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  Sharing economy – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sharing-economy.asp


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Significant object of critical information infrastructure – an object of critical information infrastructure, which is assigned one of the categories of significance, and which is included in the register of significant objects of critical information infrastructure.

Site page on the Internet – a part of the site on the Internet, access to which is carried out by a pointer consisting of a domain name and symbols defined by the owner of the site on the Internet.

Skip pattern in survey research, is the sequence of questions asked and skipped. For instance, if a respondent answers a question that indicates he did not vote in the last election, his data record should «skip» items regarding how he voted in the last election10671067
  Skip pattern – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#S


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Small data is data presented in such a volume and format for human understanding that it becomes accessible, informative and actionable.

Smart building is a system that provides security, resource saving and comfort for all users.

Smart city – a city that implements a set of technical solutions and organizational measures aimed at achieving the highest possible quality of management of urban resources and infrastructure and the provision of services in order to create sustainable favorable conditions for living, staying and business activity in the city; smart region – a concept and regional practice based on it, which consists in scaling smart city technologies to urban agglomerations and areas with a low proportion of the urban population, as well as in the formation of a smart specialization of the region.

Smart community is an interconnected city, community, or region that leverages the smart use of technologies to benefit its citizens, businesses, and service organizations for economic growth, social benefits, and environmental sustainability10681068
  Smart community – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://sngroup.com/smart-city-services/#S


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Smart Contract is a self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code. The code and the agreements contained therein exist across a distributed, decentralized blockchain network. The code controls the execution, and transactions are trackable and irreversible10691069
  Smart Contract – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/smart-contracts.asp


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Smart home refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or other networked device. Devices in a smart home are interconnected through the internet, allowing the user to control functions such as security access to the home, temperature, lighting, and a home theater remotely10701070
  Smart home – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/smart-home.asp


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Smart Plant is composed of «smart assets» that not only provide their basic process function but provide proactive feedback on the economic, environment, health and safety performance of that asset in aggregation with the other assets and in the moment10711071
  Smart Plant – Text: electronic. – www.sciencedirect.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/smart-plant


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Smart regional specialization is a regional or state economic development strategy based on the identification and selection of a limited number of priority areas for investment in research and innovation, which represent the strengths and comparative advantages of the region.

Smart robot is an artificial intelligence-driven, often mobile machine designed to autonomously perform one or more physical tasks.

Smart service is a call processing center remote from the customer’s company, whose specialists accept applications, answer questions and switch calls to the right employee of your company.

Smart Technologies refers to technologies that use big data analysis and, in some cases artificial intelligence, to allow for even the smallest objects to have the capacity to connect and interact10721072
  Smart Technologies – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/smart-city-technology-and-civic-engagement-in-ontario-canada/42412


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Social Economy (SE) – the set of microeconomic entities, companies of people, free and voluntary, private, that is created from civil society, and that, with democratic decision processes, develop an economic activity with the priority of satisfying the needs of people, before giving back to or repaying their investors10731073
  Social Economy (SE) – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/digital-social-innovation/67242


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Social Media – the term social media is used in reference to online services based on social networking. Community-driven online services are based on human interaction and are often some of the most utilized services online10741074
  Social Media – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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Social media marketing (SMM) refers to techniques that target social networks and applications to spread brand awareness or promote particular products. Social media marketing campaigns usually center around:

Establishing a social media presence on major platforms.

Creating shareable content and advertorials.

Cultivating customer feedback throughout the campaign through surveys and contests.

Social media marketing is perceived as a more targeted type of advertising and is therefore believed to be very effective in creating brand awareness10751075
  Social media marketing (SMM) – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5396/social-media-marketing-smm


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Software As A Service (SAAS) is the acquisition of software as a service instead of a local desktop version. The use of SaaS is usually paid on the basis of resources used. SaaS also means that there are no customer-specific environments; instead, only one online application caters for the needs of all customers. SaaS is one of the three main cloud service models, the other two being Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS). Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a cloud provider hosts applications and makes them available to end users over the internet. In this model, an independent software vendor (ISV) may contract a third-party cloud provider to host the application. Or, with larger companies, such as Microsoft, the cloud provider might also be the software vendor10761076
  Software As A Service (SAAS) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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  Software As A Service (SAAS) – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/Software-as-a-Service


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Software development is the process of conceiving, specifying, designing, programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing involved in creating and maintaining applications, frameworks, or other software components. Software development involves writing and maintaining the source code, but in a broader sense, it includes all processes from the conception of the desired software through to the final manifestation of the software, typically in a planned and structured process. Software development also includes research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products10781078
  Software development – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development


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Software Integration is the linking together of two separate pieces of software through programming. Software integration is usually one of the typical tools in cases where an existing traditional business is being digitized, for example. In everyday speech, software integration is often shortened to integration10791079
  Software Integration – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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Software Server — a software component of a computing system that performs service (servicing) functions at the request of the client, providing him with access to certain resources or services.

Software Subscription is a method of licensing where the customer is given the right to use software over the Internet for a recurring fee, such as a monthly subscription. The software isn’t installed on a local machine but is typically used through an Internet browser, which executes the user’s commands over the Internet10801080
  Software Subscription – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#S


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Software testing is the act of examining the artifacts and the behavior of the software under test by validation and verification. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but not necessarily limited to: analyzing the product requirements for completeness and correctness in various contexts like industry perspective, business perspective, feasibility and viability of implementation, usability, performance, security, infrastructure considerations, etc. reviewing the product architecture and the overall design of the product working with product developers on improvement in coding techniques, design patterns, tests that can be written as part of code based on various techniques like boundary conditions, etc. executing a program or application with the intent of examining behavior reviewing the deployment infrastructure and associated scripts & automation take part in production activities by using monitoring & observability techniques. Software testing can provide objective, independent information about the quality of software and risk of its failure to users or sponsors10811081
  Software testing – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing


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Solana (SOL) founded in 2017, Solana is a blockchain platform designed to support decentralized applications (dApps). Also referred to as an «Ethereum killer,» Solana performs many more transactions per second than Ethereum. Additionally, it charges lower transaction fees than Ethereum. Solana and Ethereum can utilize smart contracts, which are essential for running cutting-edge applications, including decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs)10821082
  Solana (SOL) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/


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Source code is any collection of code, with or without comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as plain text. The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code. The source code is often transformed by an assembler or compiler into binary machine code that can be executed by the computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time10831083
  Source code – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code


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Sparse matrix is a matrix with predominantly zero elements in it, and such matrices are quite common in AI applications10841084
  .Разреженная матрица – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org. (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0


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Speech recognition – computer speech recognition, or Speech-to-text, is a capability which enables a program to process human speech into a written format. While it’s commonly confused with voice recognition, speech recognition focuses on the translation of speech from a verbal format to a text one whereas voice recognition just seeks to identify an individual user’s voice. Many speech recognition applications and devices are available, but the more advanced solutions use AI and machine learning. They integrate grammar, syntax, structure, and composition of audio and voice signals to understand and process human speech. Ideally, they learn as they go – evolving responses with each interaction. The best kind of systems also allow organizations to customize and adapt the technology to their specific requirements10851085
  .Speech recognition – Text: electronic. – www.ibm.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/speech-recognition#:~:text=Speech%20recognition%2C%20also%20known%20as,speech%20into%20a%20written%20format.


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Speech recognition and synthesis is a class of solutions that allow translating a speech request into a textual form, including voice timbre and tone analysis, emotion recognition, and speech synthesis.

Speech synthesis is artificial simulation of human speech with by a computer or other device. The counterpart of the voice recognition, speech synthesis is mostly used for translating text information into audio information and in applications such as voice-enabled services and mobile applications. Apart from this, it is also used in assistive technology for helping vision-impaired individuals in reading text content10861086
  Speech synthesis – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3647/speech-synthesis


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Speech technologies – AI that recognizes speech, analyzes and synthesizes the human voice.

Speech-to-text – speech to text conversion. Speech recognition technology that converts spoken words into text.

Speech-to-Text technology is a technology that allows you to accurately recognize speech using machine learning, regardless of wording, vocabulary or accent.

Spread can have several meanings in finance. Generally, the spread refers to the difference between two prices, rates, or yields. In one of the most common definitions, the spread is the gap between the bid and the ask prices of a security or asset, like a stock, bond, or commodity. This is known as a bid-ask spread10871087
  Spread – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spread.asp


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Spread of Information, Communication Technologies (ICT) is the widespread adoption of ICT combined with the rapid decline in price and increase in the performance of these technologies, has contributed to the development of new activities in the private and public sectors. These new technologies provide market reach, lower costs, and new opportunities for products and services that were not needed before. This changes the way multinational enterprises (MNE) and startups design their business models10881088
  Spread of Information, Communication Technologies (ICT) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology


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