Текст книги "Глоссариум по цифровой экономике. 1500 терминов и определений"

«F»

File is a collection of any form of data that is stored, usually on a computer disk or cloud852852
  File – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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Fintech refers to financial technology, and is technology and innovation that aims to compete with traditional financial methods in the delivery of financial services853853
  Fintech – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/eu-fintech-index/64005


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Fixed format is a file structure consisting of physical records of a constant size within which the precise location of each variable is based on the column location and width of the variable854854
  Fixed format – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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Fog computing is a system-level information technology model for expanding cloud storage, computing and networking functions, in which data processing is carried out on end equipment (computers, mobile devices, sensors, smart nodes, etc.) in the network, and not in the «cloud».

Free format is a physical file structure that specifies the order of variables in a file and delimits them from each other by a special character or characters (usually a blank or other white space). Free format files may have variable physical record lengths; when they do, they are typically delimited by a newline character at the end of each line. Contrast with fixed format855855
  Free format – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work856856
  Freelance – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer


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Frequencies in survey research, is the number of respondents who responded to each of the possible answers to a question. Often codebooks list the frequency of response to each question857857
  Frequencies – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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Frequency file is a file that contains the frequencies for each question in a survey858858
  Frequency file – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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FTP File Transfer Protocol. A reliable method of transferring files electronically over the Internet859859
  FTP – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#F


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Functional approach to forecasting is a methodology of scientific knowledge, according to which the vital activity of a complex system is considered as the performance of a set of interconnected functions by local subsystems, which ensures the achievement of the global goal of the system.

«G»

General Purpose Technology (GPT) is a technology that can affect the whole society, for example, electricity860860
  General Purpose Technology (GPT) – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/general-purpose-technology-gpt/54211#:~:text=1.,pervasive%20societal%20and%20economic%20effects.


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Geoeconomic Invariant is a system of empirically measured factors reflecting relationship structure, relatively unchanged in both temporal and spatial dimensions of geographic objects861861
  Geoeconomic Invariant – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/geoeconomic-invariant/77725


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Geoeconomics is a geopolitical economy stressing state’s economic power and foreign policy goals achievement by economic means862862
  Geoeconomics – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/international-movement-of-highly-skilled-professionals/77708


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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision making863863
  Geographic Information System (GIS) – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/representation-of-geographic-phenomena/12115


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Gesture recognition is a technology that, using a simple algorithm, determines the state of each finger by key points on the hand.

Gig economy is a free market system in which temporary positions are common and organizations hire independent workers for short-term commitments. The term «gig» is a slang word for a job that lasts a specified period of time. Traditionally, the term was used by musicians to define a performance engagement864864
  Gig economy – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/gig-economy


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Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is a trusted reference that measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level – to raise awareness of the importance and different dimensions of the issue865865
  Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Pages/global-cybersecurity-index.aspx


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Global Information Infrastructure (GII) is the worldwide interconnection of communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics that make vast amounts of information available to users. The global information infrastructure encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scanners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks of all types, televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and adversary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted information constitute a critical component of the global information infrastructure866866
  Global Information Infrastructure (GII) – Text: electronic. – www.thefreedictionary.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/global+information+infrastructure


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Global information society or the digital society of the future is a new world knowledge society that exists and interacts, and is also closely integrated into a fundamentally and qualitatively new digital social, economic and cultural ecosystem, in which the free exchange of information and knowledge is implemented using artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, which are additional interfaces for the interaction of people and machines (computers, robots, wearable devices, etc.).

Global Information Society Watch (GISWatch) is a space for collaborative monitoring of implementation of international (and national) commitments made by governments towards the creation of an inclusive information society867867
  – Text: electronic. – //giswatch.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://giswatch.org/about#:~:text=Global%20Information%20Society%20Watch%20(GISWatch,of%20an%20inclusive%20information%20society.


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Global Market Place is all the customers or possible customers for a product or service in all areas of the world considered together.» In other words, it’s the sum of all the people in the world who want or might want your products868868
  Global Market Place – Text: electronic. – //dictionary.cambridge.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-marketplace


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Globalization refers to the spread of the flow of financial products, goods, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade869869
  Globalization – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp


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Google Ads (was Google Adwords) is a tool for keyword advertising within the Google search engine. Google Ads has become something of a standard in online marketing870870
  Google Ads – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#G


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Google AI Platform (Artificial Intelligence Automation Platform) makes it easy for machine learning developers, data scientists, and data engineers to take their ML projects from ideation to production and deployment, quickly and cost-effectively. From data engineering to «no lock-in» flexibility, AI Platform’s integrated tool chain helps you build and run your own machine learning applications. AI Platform supports Kubeflow, Google’s open-source platform, which lets you build portable ML pipelines that you can run on-premises or on Google Cloud without significant code changes. And you’ll have access to cutting-edge Google AI technology like TensorFlow, TPUs, and TFX tools as you deploy your AI applications to production.

Google Analytics is a free analytics tools provided by Google, meant for website visitor tracking. Google Analytics is also used as a tool for enhancing websites’ operationality871871
  Google Analytics – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#G


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Google Tag Manager is a tag management system, which enables the quick and easy analysis of visitor numbers and updates of online and mobile application tags and code strings meant for marketing optimization872872
  Google Tag Manager – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#G


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GPS is full Global Positioning System, space-based radio-navigation system that broadcasts highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near Earth. A satellite navigation device, colloquially called a GNSS receiver, GPS receiver, or simply a GPS, is a device that is capable of receiving information from GNSS satellites and then calculate the device’s geographical position. Using suitable software, the device may display the position on a map, and it may offer routing directions. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of a handful of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense873873
  GPS – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.britannica.com/technology/GPS


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  A satellite navigation device – Text: electronic. – //artsandculture.google.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/satellite-navigation-device/m047b9vj?hl=en


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Graphics cluster is the dominant high-level block that includes all the key graphical components.

Graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles875875
  Graphics processing unit (GPU) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit


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Growth Hacking is a term that has no established definition. A growth hacker is a person that uses both traditional and digital marketing tools to achieve measurable results with ease. Building up the user base of a SaaS business is a typical target for growth hacking. A growth hacker can be seen as an expert that shortens the build-measure-learn loop in businesses applying lean/agile principles876876
  Growth Hacking – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#G


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«H»

Hackathon is a limited-time event that concentrates intensively on resolving one, usually pre-determined, problem. A typical example would be a weekend-long event, either online or at a physical location, that aims to produce a tentative solution to the organizer’s problem. A hackathon can be related to just about anything, but usually it’s linked to service design, software development, user interface design etc.877877
  Hackathon – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#H


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Hacker is a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system878878
  Hacker – Text: electronic. – www.merriam-webster.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hacker


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Hardware – a system of interconnected technical devices designed for input (output), processing and storage of data.

Hardware Server — a dedicated or specialized computer for executing service software (including servers for certain tasks) without direct human participation. The simultaneous use of both high-performance processors and FPGAs allows processing complex hybrid applications.

Hardware-software complex is a set of hardware and software tools that work together to perform one or more similar tasks.

Header record is a record that denotes the beginning of a series of records and describes the contents of the records that follow. For example, the International Financial Statistics has a header record that describes a time series, and the header record is followed by a number of records containing the actual time series. Header records are often used when the number of physical records needed to contain the data for a particular variable is not constant for all variables. For instance, in economic time series data files, one variable might be a time series that contains 20 years of data and fills 20 physical records while the next variable might contain a time series with only 5 years of data and fill only 5 physical records. The use of a file format that includes header records enables one to determine where the series begin and end879879
  Header record – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#H


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Hierarchical file is one that contains information collected on multiple units of analysis in different record types. For example, the physical housing structure may be one unit, and individual persons within the structure are another. An example is the Current Population Survey: Annual Demographic File which has household, family, and person units of analysis. Studies that include data for different units of analysis often link those units to each other so that, for instance, one can analyze the persons as they group in a structure880880
  Hierarchical file – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#H


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Hierarchical file structure is a format for storing hierarchical files. Each unit of analysis has its own record structure or record type. Different units of analysis do not necessarily have the same number of bytes or characters as the records for other units of analysis. In order to give such a file a common physical record length, short logical records are typically «padded» with blanks so that they will all be the same physical record length. A hierarchical file can be also be stored in a rectangular file881881
  Hierarchical file structure – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#H


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High-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic financial trading characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios that leverages high-frequency financial data and electronic trading tools. While there is no single definition of HFT, among its key attributes are highly sophisticated algorithms, co-location, and very short-term investment horizons. HFT can be viewed as a primary form of algorithmic trading in finance. Specifically, it is the use of sophisticated technological tools and computer algorithms to rapidly trade securities. HFT uses proprietary trading strategies carried out by computers to move in and out of positions in seconds or fractions of a second882882
  High-frequency trading (HFT) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading


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Host machine – the main computer (on a network or offline) that supports information and computing resources and provides them to remote users.

Hosting means the administration of a server for an online service. Traditionally, hosting has been defined as the provision of physical server space (possible even the server itself) as an outsourcing service. With technical development, hosting has developed toward virtualized cloud solutions. A modern hosting service is located in an environment provided by a big cloud provider883883
  Hosting – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#H


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Hosting provider – a person providing computing power services for posting information in an information system permanently connected to the Internet.

Household artificial intelligence – specialized artificial intelligence programs embedded in household devices and processes.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a hypertext document format based on SGML used on the Web. Tags are embedded in the text to control display and presentation of a document.HTML, in full hypertext markup language, a formatting system for displaying material retrieved over the Internet. Each retrieval unit is known as a Web page (from World Wide Web), and such pages frequently contain hypertext links that allow related pages to be retrieved. HTML is the markup language for encoding Web pages. It was designed by the British scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN nuclear physics laboratory in Switzerland during the 1980s. HTML markup tags specify document elements such as headings, paragraphs, and tables. They mark up a document for display by a computer program known as a Web browser. The browser interprets the tags, displaying the headings, paragraphs, and tables in a layout that is adapted to the screen size and fonts available to it884884
  HTML – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#H


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  HTML – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.britannica.com/technology/HTML


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Human-centric artificial intelligence is a common design principle for artificial intelligence, in which artificial intelligence should bring benefits to people and society.

«I»

ICT Industry is the convergence of the telecommunications industry with the computing and broadcasting industries resulted in a broader definition of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT)886886
  ICT Industry – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/evolving-value-networks-internationalisation-national/13645


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ICT is an umbrella term that refers to Information and communications technology887887
  ICT – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/elderly-people-information-communication-technology/14366


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ICT sector is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications and computers888888
  ICT sector – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/ict-sector/13661


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ICT Services is an information and communication technology service, refers to forms of technology that are used to transmit, process, store, create, display, share or exchange information by electronic means889889
  ICT Services – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-seeking-behaviour-in-changing-ict-environment/49039


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ICT4Peace it encompasses the varying types of activity that are carried out in relation to armed conflict, including conflict prevention and management, peace operations, humanitarian relief and disaster assistance, and post-conflict peace building and reconstruction890890
  ICT4Peace – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/towards-sustainable-peace-by-technology/68629


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Identity theft also called identity fraud, use of an individual’s personally identifying information by someone else (often a stranger) without that individual’s permission or knowledge. This form of impersonation is often used to commit fraud, generally resulting in financial harm to the individual and financial gain to the impersonator891891
  Identity theft – Text: electronic. – www.britannica.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.britannica.com/topic/identity-theft


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Inbound marketing is a business methodology that attracts customers by creating valuable content and experiences tailored to them. While outbound marketing interrupts your audience with content they don’t always want, inbound marketing forms connections they are looking for and solves problems they already have892892
  Inbound marketing – Text: electronic. – www.hubspot.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) https://www.hubspot.com/inbound-marketing


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Inbound Marketing is a form of marketing that tries to attract its target group by providing it with things it is already interest in, in contrast to traditional interruption, or outbound, marketing. Inbound marketing is a typical methodology for various types of digital content. Examples of inbound marketing include useful guides and blog articles893893
  Inbound Marketing – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#I


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Induction (from the Latin inductio – «guidance») is a method of obtaining a logical conclusion by moving from the particular to the general, i.e., induction is the opposite of deduction. In this method, not only the laws of logic work, but also mathematical, psychological and factual representations.

Industrial control system (ICS) is a collective term used to describe different types of control systems and associated instrumentation, which include the devices, systems, networks, and controls used to operate and/or automate industrial processes. Depending on the industry, each ICS functions differently and are built to electronically manage tasks efficiently. Today the devices and protocols used in an ICS are used in nearly every industrial sector and critical infrastructure such as the manufacturing, transportation, energy, and water treatment industries894894
  Industrial control system (ICS) – Text: electronic. – www.trendmicro.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/definition/industrial-control-system


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Industrial Integration — Technological progress and deregulation have brought down the barriers between industries, and the cooperation and competition among enterprises in various industries has blurred or even reorganized the boundaries of the original industries, and eventually led to the emergence of new organizational forms. This process is industrial integration895895
  Industrial Integration – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/chinese-fdi-activity-in-europe/59159


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Industrial Internet – the concept of building information and communication infrastructures based on connecting industrial devices, equipment, sensors, sensors, process control systems to the Internet information and telecommunications network, as well as integrating these software and hardware tools with each other without human intervention.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the concept of building information and communication infrastructures based on connecting industrial devices, equipment, sensors, sensors, process control systems to the Internet, as well as integrating these hardware and software tools between itself without human intervention.

Industrial Internet refers to the connecting of physical equipment to smart processes, enormous data masses and analytics for the purpose of boosting industrial processes. The term is often used synonymously with the Internet of Things, but the Industrial Internet can be more accurately understood as the «digitization of the industrial sector» and a hyponym for the Internet of Things896896
  Industrial Internet – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#I


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Industrial Revolution 4.0 is the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology. Large-scale machine-to-machine communication (M2M) and the internet of things (IoT) are integrated for increased automation, improved communication and self-monitoring, and production of smart machines that can analyze and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention897897
  Industrial Revolution 4.0 – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/institutional-entrepreneurship-trust-and-regulatory-capture-in-the-digital-economy/7605


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Industrial robots are production systems with three or more degrees of mobility (freedom), built on the basis of sensors and artificial intelligence, capable of perceiving the environment, controlling their actions and adapting to its changes.

Information – information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.

Information access is the ability to identify, retrieve, and use information effectively. Access to information is vital to social, political, and economic advancement. Access to information is the ability to obtain information and use it898898
  Information access – Text: electronic. – www.encyclopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/information-access


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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a generic term used to encapsulate the diverse range of technological developments (e.g., computer storage and retrieval, computing capacity, wired communications, wireless communications, portable technologies) that have enhanced the internal and external activities of organizations. Especially important is the manner in which these strands of technological development have been integrated to provide greater synergy. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world899899
  Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-communication-technologies-icts/14364


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  Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/ICT-information-and-communications-technology-or-technologies


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Information and telecommunications network – a technological system designed to transmit information over communication lines, access to which is carried out using computer technology.

Information constituting a commercial secret – information of any nature (industrial, technical, economic, organizational and others), including the results of intellectual activity in the scientific and technical field, as well as information about the methods of carrying out professional activities that have actual or potential commercial value due to their being unknown to third parties, to which third parties do not have free access on a legal basis, and in respect of which the owner of such information has introduced a trade secret regime.

Information efficiency – efficiency in relation to a priori assumptions and acquired experience. Evaluation of information efficiency is already included in the Cholle formula that evaluates intelligence.

Information environment is the aggregate of individuals, organizations, or systems that collect, process, or disseminate information; also included is the information itself901901
  Information environment – Text: electronic. – www.thefreedictionary.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/information+environment


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Information industry or information industries are industries that are information intensive in one way or the other. It is considered one of the most important economic branches for a variety of reasons. There are many different kinds of information industries, and many different ways to classify them. Although there is no standard or distinctively better way of organizing those different views, the following section offers a review of what the term «information industry» might entail, and why. Alternative conceptualizations are that of knowledge industry and information-related occupation. The term «information industry» is mostly identified with computer programming, system design, telecommunications, and others902902
  Information industry – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_industry


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Information market is electronic market where the negotiated product is information903903
  Information market – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-market/14427


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Information owner – a person who has independently created information or who has received, on the basis of a law or an agreement, the right to allow or restrict access to information determined by any signs.

Information owner is a person or group responsible for applying security policies to an information object904904
  Information owner – Text: electronic. – www.pcmag.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/information-owner


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Information Provision is the process by which information is provided to users or users’ community without any individualization of content or purpose-specialization of the information or the delivery process905905
  Information Provision – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/aspects-of-information-tailoring-in-the-21st-century/42908#:~:text=1.,information%20or%20the%20delivery%20process.


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Information security INFOSEC is the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide confidentiality, integrity, and availability906906
  Information security INFOSEC – Text: electronic. – https://csrc.nist.gov (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/INFOSEC


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Information society is a society in which information and the level of its application and accessibility fundamentally affect the economic and socio-cultural conditions of life of citizens.

Information Society is a type of society where the majority of workers are engaged in information delivery, storage, processing and sale especially in its highest form —the knowledge907907
  Information Society – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-society/14504#:~:text=Information%20Society%20is%20a%20term,%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20activity


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Information space – a set of information resources created by subjects of the information sphere, means of interaction between such subjects, their information systems and the necessary information infrastructure.

Information Sphere is a set of information, objects of informatization, information systems, sites in the information and telecommunication network of the Internet, communication networks, information technologies, subjects whose activities are related to the formation and processing of information, the development and use of these technologies, ensuring information security, as well as a set of mechanisms for regulating the relevant social relations908908
  Information Sphere – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL:https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/hybrid-intelligence-framework-for-improvement-of-information-security-of-critical-infrastructures/90886


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Information system – a set of information contained in databases and information technologies and technical means that ensure its processing.

Information system operator – a citizen or legal entity engaged in the operation of an information system, including the processing of information contained in its databases.

Information Technologies is collections of technological fields that develop simultaneously and interdependently. Information technologies – processes, methods of searching, collecting, storing, processing, providing, disseminating information and methods for implementing such processes and methods909909
  Information Technologies – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-technologies/14536


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Information warfare is the tactical and strategic use of information to gain an advantage. It includes multiple types of operations and has been pursued in radically different ways during different eras910910
  Information warfare – Text: electronic. – www. techopedia.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29777/information-warfare


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Information weapons are a wide class of techniques and methods of informational influence on the enemy – from disinformation and propaganda to electronic warfare911911
  Information weapons – Text: electronic. – //tone-station.ru (date of request: 07.07.2022)


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Informatization activities are the envisaged activities of the digital transformation programs of state bodies aimed at the creation, development, operation or use of information and communication technologies, as well as the decommissioning of information systems and components of the information and telecommunications infrastructure.

Infosys Nia is a knowledge-based AI platform. It brings machine learning together with the deep knowledge of an organization to drive automation and innovation. This enables businesses to continuously reinvent their system landscapes. Nia, with the Infosys AiKiDo service offerings, dramatically lowers the cost of maintenance for both physical and digital assets. It captures the knowledge and know-how of people across fragmented and complex systems, and simplifies the continuous renovation of core business processes. Nia also enables businesses to bring new, delightful user experiences leveraging state-ofthe-art technology. The Infosys Nia platform is part of the Infosys Aikido framework.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. IaaS is one of the three main categories of cloud computing services, alongside software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS)912912
  Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/Infrastructure-as-a-Service-IaaS


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Innovation is the act of generating a new product or service for the market that has not been invented yet913913
  Innovation – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/study-social-needs-strategic-tool/14682


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Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat allowing real-time text transmission over the Internet or another computer network. Messages are typically transmitted between two or more parties, when each user inputs text and triggers a transmission to the recipient (s), who are all connected on a common network. It differs from email in that conversations over instant messaging happen in real-time (hence «instant»). Most modern IM applications (sometimes called «social messengers», «messaging apps» or «chat apps») use push technology and also add other features such as emojis (or graphical smileys), file transfer, chatbots, voice over IP, or video chat capabilities914914
  Instant messaging (IM) – Text: electronic. – //en.wikipedia.org (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging


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Institutional Entrepreneur is a self-interested person who can obtain economic benefits through institutional innovations promoted by him. In other words, an institutional entrepreneur should be described as an individual who puts an effort into establishing and reorganizing property rights and other institutional structures to exploit economic opportunities that are not feasible within the institutional status quo915915
  Institutional Entrepreneur – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/institutional-entrepreneurship-trust-and-regulatory-capture-in-the-digital-economy/66591#:~:text=In%20other%20words%2C%20an%20institutional,within%20the%20institutional%20status%20quo.


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Intellectual Capital is the knowledge, skills and production experience of specific people and intangible assets, including patents, databases, software, trademarks, etc. that are productively used to maximize profits and other economic and technical results916916
  Intellectual Capital – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/institutional-entrepreneurship-trust-and-regulatory-capture-in-the-digital-economy/7605


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Intellectual tasks are tasks, the search for an algorithm for solving which is associated with subtle and complex reasoning, logical generalizations and conclusions, requiring great ingenuity and high qualifications.

Intelligence is the ability of the brain to solve intellectual problems by acquiring, remembering and purposefully transforming knowledge in the process of learning from experience and adapting to a variety of circumstances.

Intelligent agents – programs that independently perform tasks specified by the user or other programs for long periods of time, are used to help the operator or collect information.

Intelligent applications – software systems or systems with built-in or integrated artificial intelligence technologies, such as intelligent automation and analytics based on big data, integrated with a decision support subsystem.

Intelligent information system is an interconnected set of software based on machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies, which has the ability to store, process and issue information, as well as self-configure its parameters depending on the state of the external environment (initial data) and the specifics of the problem being solved. Also, an intelligent information system is understood as an automated information system based on knowledge, or a set of software, linguistic and logical-mathematical tools for the implementation of the main task – to support human activities and search for information in an advanced dialogue mode in natural language917917
  .Козлов А. Н. Интеллектуальные информационные системы [Текст]: учеб. / ФГБОУ ВПО Пермская ГСХА. – Пермь. 2013. – 306 с.


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  .Остроух А. В. Интеллектуальные системы [Текст]: монография. / Издательство «Научно-инновационный центр». – Красноярск. 2020. – 316 с.


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Intelligent system is a technical or software system capable of solving problems that are traditionally considered creative, belonging to a specific subject area, knowledge about which is stored in the memory of such a system. The structure of an intelligent system includes three main blocks – a knowledge base, a solver, and an intelligent interface. Intelligent system is a system or device with software that has the ability, using built-in algorithms or trained models, to adjust its parameters depending on the state of the external environment919919
  .Интеллектуальная система – Text: electronic. – //dic.academic.ru (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/176467


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