Автор книги: Елена Музланова
Жанр: Учебная литература, Детские книги
Возрастные ограничения: +6
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Текущая страница: 4 (всего у книги 7 страниц)
Глава 3. Сочинение с элементами рассуждения
3.1. Рекомендации по составлению высказывания с элементами рассуждения
При написании сочинения с элементами рассуждения необходимо придерживаться следующих основных правил.
> Используйте формальный стиль письма, а именно:
• не используйте сокращенные формы, такие как don’t или can’t;
• не используйте скобки и восклицательные знаки – это свойственно неформальному стилю письма;
• не начинайте предложения со слов and, but или also; в разговорном языке вы можете их использовать, но избегайте этого в формальном сочинении;
• не употребляйте вводные слова, характерные для неформального стиля (well, you know и т. д.);
• избегайте слишком простых предложений; объединяйте их в сложные, используя логические средства связи.
> Разделите текст сочинения на смысловые абзацы в соответствии с предложенным в задании планом.
1. В первом абзаце сформулируйте проблему, которую вы будете обсуждать, однако не повторяйте тему сочинения слово в слово. Представьте, что ваш читатель не знает, о чем пойдет речь, и попытайтесь объяснить ему проблему другими словами.
2. Выделите положительные и отрицательные аспекты проблемы, подумайте о разумных аргументах в поддержку обеих точек зрения. Помните, что вы должны выразить не только свою точку зрения, но и мнение ваших потенциальных оппонентов. Постарайтесь соблюсти баланс между абзацами.
3. Используйте слова-связки, чтобы помочь читателю проследить за логикой ваших рассуждений. Помните, что вводные слова выделяются запятыми.
4. В заключительном параграфе сделайте обобщающий вывод по проблеме, которую вы обсуждали. Это покажет, что вы рассматриваете свое сочинение как единое целое. Вы можете также окончательно сформулировать свое мнение или предложить пути решения данной проблемы.
> Убедитесь, что объем сочинения составляет 200–250 слов.
> Еще раз перечитайте свое сочинение: проверьте грамматику, орфографию и пунктуацию.
Полезные слова и фразы, которые можно использовать в сочинении
Выражение мнения:
• Iagree/ disagree…
• In my opinion, … / From my point of view, … / As far as I’m concerned, …
• I believe that… / It seems to me that…
• I am in favour of… / I am against the idea of…
• According to …
• Some people say that …
• It is said/believed that …
• There is no doubt that …
• It cannot be denied that …
• It goes without saying that ….
• We must admit that …
Представление аргументов:
• The main argument in favour/against is…
• First of all, I would like to consider…
• The first thing (I would like to consider) to be considered is…
• To begin with,…/To start with, …
• Apart from that…
• Despite the fact that …/ In spite of the fact that …
• On the one hand, …/On the other hand, …
• Besides, …/ In addition, …
• What is more,… /Moreover, …/More than that, …
• What matters most in this case is…
• Finally, …
• However, … / …, though
• …although… / … even though …
• Nevertheless, …
Выражение причинно-следственной связи:
• for this reason
• therefore/that is why
• thus
sth happened
• because of
• as a result of
• owing to/due to
• as a consequence of
Примеры:
• for example
• for instance
• such as
• like
Заключение:
• To sum up, ….
• To conclude, I would argue that …
• On this basis, I can conclude that…
• In conclusion, I would like to stress that…
• All in all, I believe that…
3.2. Схема оценицания высказывания с элементами рассуждения
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения оценивается по пяти критериям:
• содержание и полнота выполнения задания (максимально 3 балла);
• организация текста (максимально 3 балла);
• лексическое оформление речи (максимально 3 балла);
• грамматическое оформление речи (максимально 3 балла);
• орфография и пунктуация (максимально 2 балла). Таким образом, за сочинение с элементами рассуждения
учащийся может получить максимально 14 баллов.
Под содержанием и полнотой выполнения задания понимается:
• соответствие теме и ситуации общения, указанной в коммуникативном задании, а также полнота раскрытия темы;
• правильность отбора материала с учетом адресата (что адресат уже знает; о чем его нужно поставить в известность; какая информация не является важной и необходимой в данной ситуации);
• использование определенного стиля речи в соответствии с указанной коммуникативной ситуацией;
• соответствие высказывания заданному объему.
Под организацией текста понимается:
• логичность изложения материала;
• связность текста, которая обеспечивается правильным использованием языковых средств передачи логической связи между отдельными его частями (союзы, вводные слова, местоимения и т. п.);
• структурирование текста: деление на абзацы, наличие вступления и заключения.
При оценивании лексической грамотности учитываются:
• точность выбора слов и выражений; их соответствие теме и ситуации общения;
• правильность формирования лексических словосочетаний;
• грамотность словообразования;
• запас слов и разнообразие используемой лексики (синонимы, антонимы, фразеологизмы); их соответствие высокому уровню (B2).
При оценивании грамматической правильности речи учитываются:
• точность выбора грамматических конструкций в соответствии с целью высказывания;
• разнообразие используемых грамматических средств;
• сложность используемых конструкций.
При оценивании правильности орфографии и пунктуации учитываются:
• соблюдение норм орфографии иностранного языка;
• правильное оформление начала и конца предложений (заглавная буква, точка, вопросительный знак).
Критерии оценивания письменного высказывания с элементами рассуждения
3.3. Задания на составление высказывания с элементами рассуждения
COUNTRY AND CITY
Task 1. Comment on the following statement.
Some people enjoy living in big cities but others find such a lifestyle really harmful.
What can you say for and against living in a big city? Which way of life do you find more satisfying?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
COMMUNICATION
Task 2. Comment on the following statement.
Mobile telephones have become very popular nowadays. However, some people say that their use should be restricted.
What can you say for and against using a mobile telephone?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
EDUCATION
Task 3. Comment on the following statement.
Most teachers believe that all subjects at school are equally useful.
What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 4. Comment on the following statement.
Online education is a growing industry, but is it a blessing or a curse?
What can you say for and against distant learning?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 5. Comment on the following statement.
The future of education – books or computers?
What is your opinion? Are computers going to replace printed books in the future?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 6. Comment on the following statement.
Education is compulsory, school is not.
What can you say for and against home education?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 7. Comment on the following statement.
Many parents encourage their children to study well by giving extra pocket money for each good mark.
What can you say for and against this practice?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 8. Comment on the following statement.
Exams are a fair way of testing students.
What can you say for and against taking exams?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 9. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of young people choose to continue their education after finishing school. However, a number of school-leavers would rather find a job and start working.
What can you say for and against further education?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
ENVIRONMENT
Task 10. Comment on the following statement.
Is it fair to keep animals in zoos?
What is your opinion? Do you think that people should keep animals in zoos?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 11. Comment on the following statement.
Some people think that cars should be banned from the centres of big cities.
What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
FAMILY AND FAMILY RELATIONS
Task 12. Comment on the following statement.
Some families have an only child; others choose to have two, three or even more children.
What can you say for and against being an only child in the family?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
FOOD
Task 13. Comment on the following statement.
Fast food is very popular among teenagers. However, many experts consider fast food harmful to our health.
What can you say for and against fast food? What kind of food do you prefer?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 14. Comment on the following statement.
Many people believe that the only way to lose weight is following a special diet. However, doctors consider dieting harmful to our health.
What can you say for and against following a diet? Which way of keeping fit do you prefer?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 15. Comment on the following statement.
Genetically modified foods have caused an enormous amount of debate, scientific discussion, and media coverage. As well as benefits, a variety of ecological and human health concerns come with the new advances made possible by genetic modification.
What can you say for and against the development of genetically modified food?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
HEALTH
Task 16. Comment on the following statement.
It is believed that young people today are not as healthy as they were fifty years ago.
What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree? Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 17. Comment on the following statement.
Should people be responsible for their own health care and have private health insurance?
What is your opinion?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
HOLIDAYS AND TRADITIONS
Task 18. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of people enjoy celebrating holidays. However, for some people a holiday is just a day off.
What is your attitude to celebrations? Which way of spending holidays do you find more enjoyable?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
LAW
Task 19. Comment on the following statement.
Some people are sure that sending to prison is the only way to punish criminals. However, a lot of people believe there are far more effective punishments for criminals than prison.
What is your opinion?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 20. Comment on the following statement.
The death penalty is an appropriate punishment for murderers.
What can you say for and against capital punishment?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
LEARNING LANGUAGES
Task 21. Comment on the following statement.
Nowadays in some schools pupils study two or even three foreign languages.
What can you say for and against it? Would you like to learn several foreign languages?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 22. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of people would like to have one language on our planet. However, scientists think that having only one language is a disaster.
What is your opinion? Do you think that language diversity is important for our society?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 23. Comment on the following statement.
The best way to learn a foreign language is to speak with native speakers.
Do you agree? What do you think is the best way of studying a language?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Task 24. Comment on the following statement.
Computer games teach us nothing and young people should avoid them.
What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
MASS MEDIA
Task 25. Comment on the following statement.
Advertising is common throughout the world. However, not all people consider it helpful.
What can you say for and against advertising? Write
200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
MONEY AND SUCCESS
Task 26. Comment on the following statement.
Only people who earn a lot of money are successful.
What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 27. Comment on the following statement.
Some teenagers dream of becoming rich whereas others consider it to be rather dangerous.
What is your opinion? Would you like to be a millionaire?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
SCIENCE AND CULTURE
Task 28. Comment on the following statement.
Some people believe governments spend too much money on space research while there are still a lot of problems on Earth.
What can you say for and against space exploration?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 29. Comment on the following statement.
Today some scientists claim that cloning experiments should not be subject to government scrutiny.
What is your opinion? Should governments oversee human cloning research?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 30. Comment on the following statement.
Some people think that graffiti is another form of expressing art; others think that graffiti is vandalism.
What can you say for and against graffiti?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 31. Comment on the following statement.
Some people think that science plays the most important role in the development of our civilisation; others believe that our world would be impossible without poetry.
What is your opinion? Which is more important in our lives, science or poetry?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
SPORTS
Task 32. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of people enjoy different sports. However, there are people who think that sport is not really useful.
What can you say for and against doing sports?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 33. Comment on the following statement.
Extreme sports have taken off in a big way over the last twenty years. However, quite a few people object to these dangerous sports, highlighting the risk of accident.
What is your opinion? Do you understand people who are fond of extreme sports?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
TELEVISION
Task 34. Comment on the following statement.
Some people enjoy watching reality shows. However, others consider them a complete waste of time.
What can you say for and against reality TV?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 35. Comment on the following statement.
Many people watch soap operas because they find them enjoyable and realistic.
What is your opinion of soap operas?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 36. Comment on the following statement.
Television is considered to have great educational power. However, some people think that watching TV is a waste of time.
What can you say for and against television?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 37. Comment on the following statement.
A lot of parents believe that their children watch too much TV.
Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 38. Comment on the following statement.
Violence on TV and crime in society are clearly related.
Do you agree? Do you think that violence on TV should be forbidden?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
TECHNOLOGY
Task 39. Comment on the following statement.
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. But is it really as good as it seems to be?
What can you say for and against the Internet?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 40. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of people believe that the invention of the car changed the world. However, some people think that our world would be better without cars.
Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
TOMORROW’S WORLD
Task 41. Comment on the following statement.
There are more good things than bad things about our future.
What is your opinion? Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
Task 42. Comment on the following statement.
In recent years tourism has really taken off. However, many people think that tourism ruins everything that it touches.
What can you say for and against tourism?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 43. Comment on the following statement.
Travel broadens the mind.
Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
WORK
Task 44. Comment on the following statement.
Should teenagers work part-time to earn money?
What is your opinion? Would you like to work part-time?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 45. Comment on the following statement.
Not all people enjoy a 9-to-5 working day in an office.
What is your opinion? What can you say for and against working from home?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 46. Comment on the following statement.
Some teenagers would like to have a highly paid job; others believe that their future job should be interesting and bring satisfaction.
And what about you? What is the most important thing for you in your future occupation?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
YOUNG PEOPLE IN MODERN SOCIETY
Task 47. Comment on the following statement.
Some people believe that modern teenagers are really awful. However, most teenagers think that they are criticised for no reason.
What is your opinion? Do you agree that teens are really so bad?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 48. Comment on the following statement.
Our grandparents say their way of life was much more secure. However, young people have many more life opportunities nowadays.
What is your opinion? Which way of life do you find more satisfying?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Task 49. Comment on the following statement.
Most school children are against wearing a school uniform but their teachers disagree.
What can you say for and against school uniforms?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– give arguments “for”
– give arguments “against”
– draw a conclusion based on the given arguments
Task 50. Comment on the following statement.
Lots of teens believe that it’s important to look nice. However, adults often think that young people pay too much attention to their appearance and fashion.
What is your opinion? Do you care what you wear?
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
– make an introduction (state the problem)
– express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
– give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
– draw a conclusion
Правообладателям!
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