Текст книги "Информационно-аналитические методы оценки и мониторинга эффективности инновационных проектов"

Annotation

The development strategy of Russian economy suggests a course for its modernization and restructuring. However, simple modernization and accretion of production capacities in industry and agriculture do not guarantee their competitiveness and efficiency during the integration of Russia into the global economic system. As the analysis of best business practices shows, a major factor in improving the competitiveness and sustainability of commercial organizations is the application of effective business innovation resulting from the successful implementation of innovative projects.

The innovative project activity refers to an ordered group of stakeholders, aimed at the creation, registration and commercialization of rights to new technologies and products that meet the interests of the majority of stakeholders.

Under modern conditions of economic environment it is difficult for the majority of domestic companies to transfer new technologies from outside in the real sector. Experience of domestic companies, involved in the expansion of domestic and foreign markets, shows that sustainable development is characteristic only for those companies that use active innovation policy, reflected in the existence and implementation of a portfolio of interrelated and complementary innovative projects.

Sustainable business development involves extensive use of innovation in business practices. The stability of the rate of economic growth depends on balancing innovation with its other species (operational and financial) and other state and development prospects (financial, process and client). Meeting these challenges will require the development and application of appropriate analytical tools of measurement and evaluation for innovation companies with the aim to develop and implement proactive management decisions for the establishment and effective use of innovative potential of the company. In these circumstances, traditional methods of project analysis are inadequate. Firstly, an innovative project is characterized by dependence on changes in external conditions and highrisk, having the same impact on all spheres of economic life of the organization. Secondly, the effects (organizational and technological, environmental and socio-economic) of successful innovations occur with a significant delay in relation to the period of investment in R & D, and their contribution to the effectiveness of the company's perspective is difficult to assess in advance.

The use of key performance indicators in the project analysis and monitoring staff motivates companies to execute previously approved budgets and avoid risks accompanying innovation. In these circumstances, it becomes necessary to develop a special controlling tools for innovative potential of the organization. The article presents the controlling model of the innovation process, based on a combination of diagnostic and prognostic key performance indicators. It is focused on the information needs of stakeholders in the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of innovation companies. The objects of monitoring are: management of ideas and knowledge; organizational culture and structure; competitive strategy of innovative development; capital and current expenses; products and results; management system innovation potential, including a model of planning and control of projects and their portfolios.

Four areas of controlling innovation are highlighted: diagnosis and strategic analysis; goal setting and planning; monitoring and control; justification options corrective actions and their implementation. At the stage of diagnosis and strategic analysis it is necessary to identify potential opportunities and risks associated with their implementation, evaluation methods and refined a system of financial and non-financial performance indicators. Goal-setting and subsequent planning for their achievement involves the identification of priorities and the development and use of innovative potential, specification of the target values of indicators with bringing them to functional units for motivating employees.

Monitoring and control focus on the assessment of the factors creating innovative potential and transforming it into the value of the business organization, which involves assessment of the innovation processes, the identification of "bottlenecks" and areas of inefficiency in the innovation system of the company. Rationalization and implementation of coordinating actions involve the selection of tools aimed at adjusting the current development goals with plans to achieve them in real time, which should provide an increase in the competitiveness of the business model of the company.

Investments in innovation involve significant risk, defined primarily by temporary and commercial factors. High uncertainty of reactions of individual stakeholders groups in the innovation involves, on the one hand, the increase in the cost of attracting funding, and, on the other, the increased demands on the individual stakeholders with regard to the characteristics of the innovative product. As a result of this, the process of evaluating, monitoring and analysis of innovation takes a multi-pronged character.

The result of the innovation activities of companies are:

firstly, the innovative potential, which is a set of explicit and implicit knowledge used in the development and promotion of innovative products for consumer markets;

secondly, preservation and increasing of stakeholders’ satisfaction in achieving the objectives;

thirdly, creation of conditions for sustainable development companies due to receipt of economic, social and environmental effects.

Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of innovation companies should be regarded through the prism of compounding innovative capacity of the organization, and compliance of formed (actual) and expected (projected) results of operations and financial performance with the objectives of its key stakeholders, among which an important place belongs to the government.

An important factor in the successful management of the innovation process is the creation of a national innovation system, which requires a fundamentally new information-analytical tools in the form of integrated subsystem of evaluation of the effectiveness and the implementation of innovative projects.

The main focus of investors and business owners in the late twentieth century was traditionally allotted to financial indicators and prospects of companies. Project-based approach in the analysis of business performance was extremely widespread, the interests of the majority of stakeholders were not taken into account, resulting in a conflict of interests of the parties and the protracted economic crisis. The impact of the results of the implementation of a project on the situation of society as a whole and the development of the innovative capacity of companies, in particular, in the evaluation of its effectiveness are not generally accepted.

As a result, the scale of speculative financial economy came into conflict with the growth parameters of the real economy. This approach has led to the neglect of a significant number of enterprises for innovation, in general, and its research component, in particular. The result was a large-scale degradation of scientific and technological potential of the country. A significant part of innovative projects, a priori, cannot be seen from the perspective of assessing the effectiveness of their business. Projects and programs within the framework of innovation and investment should be considered and evaluated as interrelated: the results of the successful implementation of some of them create the necessary conditions for the commercial success of others.

Connectivity factor in the analysis of innovation effectiveness may take into account only in the evaluation of scientific and technical component of the effectiveness of projects, along with its other aspects.

Consequences of the accumulation and use of innovative potential are shown for several periods. Thus, it could be a multi-pronged evaluation of the project, taking into account the corresponding results of their implementation requirements of key stakeholders. In addition to scientific and technical effect, which manifests itself in the growth of the innovation capacity of the organization, it is also necessary for the object of analysis and evaluation to consider the socio-economic, industrial, technological, environmental and financial performance.

In order to ensure adequate assessment of the innovation effectiveness it is advisable to develop and implement a system of key performance indicators formed on the integration principles of the implementation of innovative projects that have individual character to each organization, but integral estimates that are comparable and allow for the possibility of comparative analysis. Accounting for this individuality in combination with comparability is possible through the use of stakeholders approach, based on the study, identification and prediction of changes in the requirements of key stakeholder groups.

Various requirements of stakeholders in accordance with their strength and individualization necessitate assessment indicators for each company, and the differences in the extent of achievement of target levels of require integrated assessment methods.

Critically assessing well-known methodological approaches towards the analysis of the effectiveness of innovation in organizations and innovation systems of a state as a whole, it is notable that in the selection of project scientists and practitioners concentrate on funding and final control as well as weakening development methodology for monitoring their implementation, and evaluation of their actual effectiveness.

In our opinion, it greatly reduces the possibility of management response to changes in the external and internal environment that are of fundamental importance to innovation at the enterprise level, and regulate the development of the innovation system at the country level. As a result, target distribution of the budgets of various levels allocated to support innovative enterprises, in accordance with the national interests of business development are not guaranteed. The results of scientific and applied research cannot find application in sectors of the national industry and agriculture, and commercialize abroad for the benefit of other beneficiaries.

Thus, we need a different technique for different levels of innovation in organization, that allows opportunities to identify, monitor and evaluate the most effective innovation, development and commercialization. They will also significantly improve the technological level of the national business and its competitiveness, increase the country's intellectual potential and develop national economy.

The proposed method of integral evaluation of the innovation effectiveness in organizations is based on the analytical taxonometrical method. Its application allows to use a complex level analytical algorithm taking into account the differences in the level of achievement of the objectives among different stakeholder groups. Different stages of innovative projects implementation persuade management to take solutions, provide tools to develop a proactive evaluation of flexible corrective actions, allowing, inter alia, to take into account changes objectives of innovation. Along with the current developments analysis suggests greater use of predictive analysis to estimate possible deviations from targets in developing conditions, which correspond to the implementation of the model proactive control. Based on various projections, reflexive monitoring will provide greater stability to achieve goals in a changing environment.

The use of analytical tools to monitor, analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative projects, in particular, and innovation in general suggests the need for appropriate structural changes in the information and analytical support.

As a result of budget research the following tasks have been resolved: elaborating a method of assessement and monitoring the effectiveness of the integrated development of innovative projects of commercial organizations;

proposing guidelines in assessing and monitoring the effectiveness of the integrated implementation of innovative projects;

developing the system of analytical indicators for assessing and monitoring the implementation of innovative projects and programs;

establishing a system of requirements for the formation of information and analytical databases to assess and monitor the effectiveness of the integrated innovation projects.

As a result of implementing topics the following results were obtained with the scientific relevance and practical importance:

developing and testing guidelines for assessing and monitoring the effectiveness of the integrated implementation of innovative projects;

developing a method of creating databases for comparative effectiveness of projects proposed for implementation in the real sectors of the economy (agriculture);

tailoring business analytical tools for assessing and monitoring projects in the real economy.

The results presented in this report allow you to adjust the existing regulations on the practice of selecting and monitoring the effectiveness of projects with innovative component implemented by domestic companies of the real sector, to meet the requirements of stakeholders and stages of their implementation.

The significance of the research work is highlighted by a methodology for monitoring and analysis of the integrated efficiency of innovative projects in the real economy on the basis of stakeholders’ approach.

The practical significance of results is available for use by the formation of guidelines for the application of the system of indicators for assessement and monitoring the effectiveness of innovative projects in the real economy.

The scope of research results constitutes an improvement of activity regulations of economic power for identifying priority projects for business development based on innovation and practice of project management at the level of large corporate structures. We have proposed methodological developments for the selection and evaluation of development projects companies in the real sector of the economy with an innovative component, the use of which will allow the implementation of innovative development programs for the benefit of the national economy of Russia.

Experience the best practices of innovation-active companies gives reason to believe that the achievement of sustainable economic growth is possible only through a combination of process and product innovation, and positive financial results – achieved only if there is an introduction of the regime of special economic zones.

Successful implementation of innovative projects that are focused on technological innovation involves the implementation of the policy of state protectionism, which is expressed in the practice of refinancing / rates on loans issued to finance projects with a high innovation component at the expense of the Russian Central Bank, or other development institutions (VEB etc.) that would allow to fund such projects at 3–4% per annum for up to 15–20 years.

A transfer of successful technological innovations and business models will contribute to the creation of a national database on the best practices of business with broad involvement of consulting engineering firms. The experience of information technology consulting in agriculture can be useful to support innovation-active businesses in industries and other areas, where the technical and technological backwardness of Russia is observed.

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