Текст книги "Цивилизация. Чем Запад отличается от остального мира"

Конечно, западная цивилизация не безупречна. На ее долю тоже приходятся исторические ошибки – от злоупотреблений империализма до банальности общества потребления. Ее чрезмерный материализм вызвал всевозможные сомнительные последствия, и не в последнюю очередь неудовлетворенность, которой Фрейд советовал избегать. И, конечно, западная цивилизация отбросила бережливый аскетизм, восхищавший Вебера.

И все же западный комплекс, кажется, пока лучший из доступных человечеству комплексов экономических, социальных и политических институтов. Именно они с наибольшей вероятностью могут стимулировать человеческий творческий потенциал, способный к решению проблем, с которыми столкнулся мир в XXI веке. За прошедшую половину тысячелетия ни одна другая цивилизация не выявила и не обучила столько гениев.

Вопрос в том, признаем ли мы еще превосходство западного комплекса. В конце концов, цивилизацию делают реальной для ее носителей не только роскошные постройки в столицах и даже не надежное функционирование институтов, которые занимают эти здания. Ядро цивилизации – это тексты, которые изучают школьники и студенты и которые приходят человеку на ум в дни испытаний. Китайская цивилизация была основана на конфуцианстве. Исламская цивилизация – культ покорности – основана на Коране. А каковы “священные писания” западной цивилизации, поддерживающие нашу веру в почти безграничные возможности свободного человека?[811]811
  Я бы предложил следующие книги: Библию короля Якова, “Начала” Нью-
  тона, “Два трактата о правлении” Локка, “Теорию нравственных чувств” и “О богатстве народов” Смита, “Революцию во Франции” Берка, “Происхождение видов” Дарвина, пьесы Шекспира, избранные речи Линкольна и Черчилля. Если бы пришлось выбрать один-единственный том в качестве своего Корана, я бы взял полное собрание сочинений Шекспира.


[Закрыть] И насколько хорошо мы знакомы с ними? Возможно, реальную угрозу нам несет не возвышение Китая, не ислам и не выбросы CO₂, а утрата нами веры в цивилизацию предков.

Наша цивилизация – нечто большее, чем противоположность театральным игрищам (см. эпиграф). Черчилль указал на очень важный аспект, когда определил “центральный принцип [западной] цивилизации” как “подчинение господствующего класса древним обычаям народа и его воле, как это выражено в конституции”:

Разве нации не могут соединиться… и установить верховенство права для всеобщей пользы? Конечно, это высокая надежда, которой мы должны вдохновляться… Но не стоит думать, будто одно только… признание верных принципов…

будет иметь хоть какую-либо ценность, если оно не подкрепляется… гражданской добродетелью и высокой отвагой, а также инструментами и эффективными средствами [военной] силы и науки, которые в качестве крайнего средства должны стать защитой законности и разума. Цивилизация не сможет продолжать существование, свободы не останется, мир не будет сохранен, если большая доля человечества не объединится, чтобы защитить их и продемонстрировать, что у них есть полицейская власть, перед которой будут трепетать варварские и атавистические силы[812]812
  Churchill Civilization, pp. 45f.


[Закрыть].

В 1938 году эти “варварские и атавистические силы” были прежде всего внешним врагом. И, как мы увидели, они в той же степени были плодами западной цивилизации, как и те ценности, которыми дорожил Черчилль. Сегодня, как и тогда, главную угрозу Западу несут не другие цивилизации, а наше собственное малодушие и питаемое им историческое невежество.

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