Текст книги "Лексика по темам кодификатора для ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Сдай устную часть на максимум!"

Природа и проблемы экологии – Nature and environmental problems

Pollution – Загрязнение

The pollution in the river is causing harm to the aquatic life.

Air pollution from factories is a major problem in many cities.

Climate Change – Изменение климата

Climate change is causing more extreme weather patterns around the world.

Global warming is a result of human activities and is contributing to climate change.

Deforestation – Вырубка лесов

Deforestation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

The Amazon rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate due to deforestation.

Biodiversity – Биоразнообразие

Loss of biodiversity is a threat to the survival of many species on earth.

Protecting biodiversity is important for maintaining healthy ecosystems.

Conservation – Охрана природы

National parks are established for conservation purposes.

Many organizations work towards the conservation of endangered species.

Renewable Energy – Возобновляемая энергия

Solar and wind energy are examples of renewable energy sources.

Using renewable energy can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.

Sustainability – Устойчивое развитие

Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations.

Adopting sustainable practices can help reduce our impact on the environment.

Waste Management – Управление отходами

Proper waste management is essential for reducing pollution and protecting the environment.

Recycling is an important aspect of waste management that can help conserve resources.

Greenhouse Gas – Парниковый газ

Carbon dioxide is a common greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.

Methane is another greenhouse gas that is released during livestock farming.

Ecosystem – Экосистема

Coral reefs are important ecosystems that support diverse marine life.

Destroying ecosystems can have far-reaching and negative impacts on the environment.

Acid Rain – Кислотный дождь

Acid rain is caused by air pollution that releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Acid rain can have serious impacts on freshwater ecosystems and damage buildings and infrastructure.

Renewable Resources – Возобновляемые ресурсы

Water, wind, and solar power are examples of renewable resources.

Using renewable resources can help reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources like oil and coal.

Non-Renewable Resources – Невозобновляемые ресурсы

Oil, gas, and coal are examples of non-renewable resources.

The overuse of non-renewable resources is depleting them much faster than they can be replenished.

Carbon Footprint – Углеродный след

A person’s carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gases they produce as a result of their activities.

Driving a car and eating meat are two activities that can significantly increase a person’s carbon footprint.

Drought – Засуха

Droughts can cause crop failures, water shortages, and wildfires.

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of droughts in many regions.

Recycling – Переработка

Recycling can help conserve resources and reduce waste.

Many communities have recycling programs that encourage residents to recycle paper, plastic, and other materials.

Wildlife Conservation – Сохранение дикой природы

Many species of wildlife are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and other human activities.

Wildlife conservation efforts can include habitat restoration, captive breeding programs, and anti-poaching measures.

Environmental Impact – Экологический ущерб

Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and overfishing can have a significant environmental impact.

Reducing our environmental impact requires changes in behavior and policies that prioritize sustainability.

Green Energy – Зеленая энергия

Green energy refers to renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly and have low carbon emissions.

The use of green energy is increasing around the world as more people seek to reduce their carbon footprint.

Plastic Pollution – Загрязнение пластиком

Plastic pollution is a growing problem in our oceans and landfills.

Single-use plastics like straws and water bottles are major contributors to plastic pollution.

Ecological Footprint – Экологический след

An ecological footprint is a measure of the impact that human activities have on the environment.

Factors that contribute to a person’s ecological footprint include their diet, transportation habits, and energy consumption.

Renewable Energy Incentives – Поощрения для возобновляемых источников энергии

Governments can provide incentives like tax credits and subsidies to encourage the use of renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy incentives can help accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Overfishing – Чрезмерная рыбалка

Overfishing can deplete fish populations and disrupt marine ecosystems.

Sustainable fishing practices can help prevent overfishing and protect marine biodiversity.

Natural Resources – Природные ресурсы

Natural resources like timber, minerals, and freshwater are essential for human societies.

The sustainable management of natural resources is important for maintaining healthy ecosystems and supporting human well-being.

Environmental Policy – экологическая политика

Environmental policy refers to the laws, regulations, and guidelines that govern human activities and their impacts on the environment.

Strong environmental policies can help protect the environment and promote sustainable development.

Air Quality – качество воздуха

Poor air quality can have negative health impacts on humans and wildlife.

Air pollution from industrial activities, transportation, and wildfires can all contribute to poor air quality.

Carbon Sequestration – углеродный захват

Carbon sequestration refers to the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in a way that prevents its release.

Planting trees and preserving wetlands are two examples of natural carbon sequestration methods.

Habitat Loss – потеря местообитаний

Habitat loss is a major threat to biodiversity, particularly for species that require specific types of ecosystems to survive.

Human activities like deforestation, land development, and mining can all contribute to habitat loss.

Green Building – зеленое строительство

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of construction and building operations.

Examples of green building features include energy-efficient lighting, renewable energy systems, and water-saving technologies.

Restoration Ecology – экология восстановления

Restoration ecology focuses on restoring damaged or degraded ecosystems to their natural state.

Efforts to restore degraded wetlands, forests, and grasslands are examples of restoration ecology.

Conservation Education – обучение охране окружающей среды

Conservation education aims to increase public awareness and understanding of environmental issues.

Environmental education programs can teach people how to reduce their environmental impact and promote sustainable behaviors.

Green Infrastructure – зеленая инфраструктура

Green infrastructure refers to the use of natural systems like wetlands and green roofs to manage stormwater and provide ecological benefits.

Incorporating green infrastructure into urban planning can help improve water quality and reduce the urban heat island effect.

Sustainable Agriculture – устойчивое сельское хозяйство

Sustainable agriculture practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of farming while promoting food security and economic development.

Examples of sustainable agriculture practices include crop rotation, conservation tillage, and organic farming.

Community Gardens – коммунальные сады

Community gardens provide opportunities for urban residents to grow their own food and connect with nature.

Community gardens can also help improve food security and reduce the environmental impact of food production and transportation.

Renewable Energy Investment – инвестиции в возобновляемые источники энергии

Investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create jobs in the clean energy sector.

Governments, businesses, and individuals can all contribute to renewable energy investment.

Land Conservation – сохранение земельных ресурсов

Land conservation efforts aim to protect natural areas from development and other human activities that could degrade or destroy them.

Land trusts, conservation easements, and public land acquisitions are all examples of land conservation strategies.

Green Transportation – экологичный транспорт

Green transportation options like biking, walking, and public transit can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.

Electric vehicles are another example of green transportation that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Sustainable Tourism – устойчивый туризм

Sustainable tourism practices aim to minimize the environmental impact of tourism while supporting local economies and preserving cultural heritage.

Examples of sustainable tourism practices include eco-tourism, responsible travel, and low-impact camping.

Environmental Monitoring – мониторинг окружающей среды

Environmental monitoring involves collecting data on environmental conditions like air quality, water quality, and wildlife populations.

Environmental monitoring can help identify environmental problems and inform policy decisions aimed at protecting the environment.

Water Conservation – сохранение водных ресурсов

Water conservation efforts aim to reduce water waste and promote efficient water use.

Examples of water conservation practices include fixing leaks, using low-flow fixtures, and using drought-tolerant landscaping.

Natural Disaster Preparedness – готовность к природным катастрофам

Natural disaster preparedness involves taking steps to minimize the impact of natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes, and wildfires.

Preparedness measures can include emergency planning, improving infrastructure resilience, and educating communities on disaster risk reduction.

Green Products – экологичные товары

Green products are environmentally friendly products that are produced and consumed with minimal environmental impact.

Examples of green products include organic food, eco-friendly cleaning products, and sustainable clothing.

Urban Greening – зеленые насаждения в городе

Urban greening initiatives aim to increase green space in urban areas by planting trees, creating community gardens, and establishing parks and other public spaces.

Urban greening can help improve air quality, reduce the urban heat island effect, and provide habitat for wildlife.

Environmental Education Programs – программы по обучению экологии

Environmental education programs can teach young people about the environment and inspire them to become environmental advocates.

Schools, non-profit organizations, and community groups can all offer environmental education programs for teenagers.

Youth-Led Environmental Organizations – организации, возглавляемые молодежью, занимающиеся охраной природы

Youth-led environmental organizations allow young people to take a leadership role in environmental advocacy and activism.

Examples of youth-led environmental organizations include Earth Guardians, Zero Hour, and Fridays for Future.

Sustainable Teen Activism – устойчивый подростковый активизм

Sustainable teen activism encourages young people to engage in environmental advocacy in ways that are both effective and sustainable.

Examples of sustainable teen activism include organizing climate strikes, lobbying for policy changes, and implementing green projects in their communities.

Green Clubs – «зеленые» клубы

Green clubs provide a space for teenagers to learn about environmental issues and take action to protect the environment.

Green clubs can be formed at schools, community centers, or other youth-focused organizations.

Environmental Volunteer Opportunities – возможности для работы волонтером на благо окружающей среды

Environmental volunteer opportunities allow teenagers to gain hands-on experience in environmental conservation and advocacy.

Examples of environmental volunteer opportunities include beach cleanups, tree plantings, and conservation projects.

Eco-Friendly Youth Projects – проекты молодежи, направленные на охрану окружающей среды

Eco-friendly youth projects allow teenagers to implement green initiatives in their communities and make positive environmental impacts.

Examples of eco-friendly youth projects include building community gardens, organizing recycling programs, and promoting energy conservation.

Environmental Youth Leadership Programs – программы лидерства молодежи в области экологии

Environmental youth leadership programs provide young people with the skills and resources they need to become effective environmental advocates and leaders.

Examples of environmental youth leadership programs include WildEarth Guardians’ Climate Defender Program and EarthEcho International’s Youth Leadership Council.

Green Internships – зеленые стажировки

Green internships allow teenagers to gain professional experience in environmental fields while making positive contributions to the environment.

Examples of green internships include working for sustainability-focused companies or organizations, or interning with government agencies focused on environmental issues.

Youth Environmental Conferences – конференции по окружающей среде для молодежи

Youth environmental conferences bring young people together to learn from experts, share ideas, and collaborate on environmental initiatives.

Examples of youth environmental conferences include the National Youth Climate Summit and the Young Environmental Leaders Programme.

Sustainable Youth Organizations – устойчивые организации, созданные молодежью

Sustainable youth organizations promote environmental conservation and activism in ways that are both effective and long-lasting.

Examples of sustainable youth organizations include the Student Conservation Association and the Green Schools Alliance.

Environmental Justice – экологическая справедливость

Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental decisions and policies.

Environmental justice aims to address environmental inequalities that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.

Green Entrepreneurship – зеленое предпринимательство

Green entrepreneurship involves starting businesses that promote environmental sustainability.

Examples of green entrepreneurship include eco-friendly fashion brands, energy-efficient home improvement companies, and sustainable agriculture ventures.

Climate Action Planning – планирование действий в области климата

Climate action planning involves developing strategies and policies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and transition to a low-carbon economy.

Climate action plans can be developed at the local, regional, or national level.

Low-Carbon Transportation – транспорт с низким содержанием углерода

Low-carbon transportation options like biking, walking, and public transit can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.

Electric vehicles are another example of low-carbon transportation that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Zero Waste Initiatives – инициативы «ноль отходов»

Zero waste initiatives aim to minimize the amount of waste produced in communities by reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.

Examples of zero waste initiatives include composting programs, plastic bag bans, and community-based recycling projects.

Circular Economy – циркулярная экономика

A circular economy involves designing products and systems to minimize waste and promote the reuse and recycling of materials.

A circular economy seeks to create a closed-loop system where resources are continually reused and recycled.

Climate Resilience Planning – планирование устойчивости к изменению климата

Climate resilience planning involves developing strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change and build resilience in communities and ecosystems.

Climate resilience planning can involve measures like improving infrastructure resilience, conserving natural areas, and diversifying local economies.

Вопросы и ответы по теме Nature and environmental problems

What are some ways to reduce plastic pollution?

One way to reduce plastic pollution is to use reusable bags and containers instead of single-use plastics. Another way is to recycle plastics properly.

How does deforestation affect the environment?

Deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and climate change. It also affects the water cycle and can lead to floods and droughts.

What are some renewable energy sources?

Some renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydro power, geothermal energy, and biomass.

What are some ways to conserve water?

Some ways to conserve water include taking shorter showers, fixing leaks, using a dishwasher instead of washing dishes by hand, and watering plants early in the morning or late at night.

What is biodiversity and why is it important?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth and the ecosystems they form. It is important because it provides essential ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, pollination, and pest control. It also has cultural and aesthetic value and can provide potential benefits for medicine and industry.

What are some consequences of climate change?

Consequences of climate change include rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events like droughts and hurricanes, loss of biodiversity, and negative impacts on human health.

How can we reduce our carbon footprint?

We can reduce our carbon footprint by using public transportation or walking/biking instead of driving, consuming less meat and dairy, making energy-efficient home improvements, and supporting renewable energy sources.

Профессии – Professions

Doctor – Врач

The doctor examined the patient and prescribed medication.

She wants to become a doctor so she can help people.

Engineer – Инженер

The engineer designed the bridge to withstand extreme weather conditions.

He studied engineering in college and now works for a large tech company.

Teacher – Учитель

The teacher taught the students about ancient history.

She loves her job as a teacher because she enjoys helping young people learn.

Lawyer – Адвокат

The lawyer defended her client in court and won the case.

He went to law school and now works at a prestigious law firm.

Accountant – Бухгалтер

The accountant prepared the company’s financial statements for the year.

She enjoys working with numbers and decided to become an accountant.

Artist – Художник

The artist painted a beautiful landscape using oil paints.

He has a degree in art and exhibits his work in galleries around the world.

Chef – Повар

The chef cooked a delicious meal for her customers.

He trained under a famous chef in France before opening his own restaurant.

Scientist – Ученый

The scientist conducted experiments in the lab to test her hypothesis.

He has made many important discoveries and has won several awards for his research.

Journalist – Журналист

The journalist interviewed the mayor for the local newspaper.

She is passionate about journalism and enjoys uncovering the truth.

Musician – Музыкант

The musician played the guitar and sang at the concert.

He has been playing music since he was a child and now performs professionally.

Athlete – Спортсмен

The athlete trained hard every day to prepare for the competition.

She has won several gold medals and is considered one of the best athletes in the world.

Programmer – Программист

The programmer wrote a code to develop a new software application.

He has a degree in computer science and works for a tech startup.

Entrepreneur – Предприниматель

The entrepreneur started her own business and now employs over 100 people.

He always had a passion for entrepreneurship and started his first business when he was in college.

Writer – Писатель

The writer wrote a bestselling novel that was translated into several languages.

She has published over 20 books and is known for her unique writing style.

Architect – Архитектор

The architect designed a sustainable building with green features.

He studied architecture in college and now works for an architectural firm.

Pilot – Пилот

The pilot flew the plane through stormy weather to safely reach their destination.

He went to flight school and now works for a commercial airline.

Police officer – Полицейский

The police officer apprehended the suspect and took him into custody.

She takes pride in serving her community as a police officer.

Firefighter – Пожарный

The firefighter bravely entered the burning building to rescue trapped residents.

He trained extensively to become a firefighter and enjoys helping people during emergencies.

Electrician – Электрик

The electrician repaired the electrical wiring in the house to prevent a fire.

He has been working as an electrician for many years and is skilled at troubleshooting electrical problems.

Plumber – Сантехник

The plumber fixed the leaky faucet in the bathroom and installed a new toilet.

He specializes in plumbing and has experience working with different types of pipes and fixtures.

Salesperson – Продавец

The salesperson helped the customer find the perfect outfit for an upcoming event.

She enjoys working in sales and has a talent for persuading people to make a purchase.

Veterinarian – Ветеринар

The veterinarian treated the injured dog and helped it recover from its injuries.

He went to veterinary school and now runs his own animal hospital.

Dentist – Стоматолог

The dentist cleaned and filled a cavity in the patient’s tooth.

She studied dentistry in college and now works in a dental clinic.

Psychologist – Психолог

The psychologist talked to her patient about their problems and helped them find solutions.

He has a Ph. D. in psychology and specializes in helping people with anxiety and depression.

Social worker – Социальный работник

The social worker provided support and resources to families in need.

She is passionate about helping others and making a positive impact in her community.

Landscaper – Ландшафтный дизайнер

The landscaper designed a beautiful garden for her client’s backyard.

He has experience in landscape architecture and knows how to create visually appealing outdoor spaces.

Fashion designer – Дизайнер моды

The fashion designer created a stunning dress that was worn by a celebrity on the red carpet.

She has a degree in fashion design and owns her own clothing line.

Economist – Экономист

The economist analyzed economic data to make predictions about future trends.

He has a Ph. D. in economics and works for a think tank.

Photographer – Фотограф

The photographer took stunning photos of nature, which were featured in a magazine.

She has a passion for photography and has won awards for her work.

Actor – Актер

The actor played the lead role in a movie that received critical acclaim.

He studied acting in college and now works in film and television.

Graphic designer – Графический дизайнер

The graphic designer created a visually stunning logo for a new company.

She has a degree in graphic design and works for a marketing agency.

Writer/editor – Писатель/редактор

The writer/editor wrote articles and edited other writers’ work for a magazine.

She has a degree in journalism and enjoys both writing and editing.

Environmentalist – Эколог

The environmentalist advocates for policies that protect the environment and reduce pollution.

She has a degree in environmental science and works for a non-profit organization.

Web developer – Веб-разработчик

The web developer created a website with an intuitive user interface and responsive design.

He has a degree in computer science and specializes in web development.

Financial analyst – Финансовый аналитик

The financial analyst analyzed market trends and provided investment advice to clients.

She has a degree in finance and works for a large investment bank.

Makeup artist – Визажист

The makeup artist applied makeup for a fashion shoot and created a dramatic look.

She has a talent for transforming faces with makeup and works on photo shoots, films, and television shows.

Aerospace engineer – Инженер авиакосмической промышленности

The aerospace engineer designed a new engine for a space shuttle.

She has a degree in aerospace engineering and works for a government agency.

Event planner – Организатор мероприятий

The event planner organized a successful fundraising gala for a non-profit organization.

She has a talent for planning and coordinating events such as weddings, corporate meetings, and charity galas.

Interior designer – Дизайнер интерьера

The interior designer transformed a dull living room into a stylish and functional space.

She has a degree in interior design and works for a design firm.

Social media manager – Менеджер социальных сетей

The social media manager created engaging content for the company’s social media accounts.

He has experience in digital marketing and knows how to use social media to connect with customers.

Physical education teacher – Учитель физкультуры

The physical education teacher taught her students about the importance of staying active and healthy.

He enjoys teaching kids and helping them develop lifelong habits for good health.

Biologist – Биолог

The biologist studied rare species of plants and animals in the rainforest.

She has a degree in biology and works for a conservation organization.

Fashion stylist – Стилист моды

The fashion stylist selected clothing and accessories for a photoshoot, creating a cohesive look.

She has an eye for fashion and knows how to put together stylish outfits for different occasions.

Hotel manager – Менеджер отеля

The hotel manager oversaw the day-to-day operations of the hotel and ensured that guests had a pleasant stay.

He has many years of experience in the hospitality industry and is skilled at managing staff and resources.

Human resources manager – Менеджер по управлению персоналом

The human resources manager hired new employees and managed employee benefits and payroll.

She has a degree in human resources management and works for a large corporation.

Film director – Режиссер

The film director brought a script to life, creating a compelling story that resonated with audiences.

He has a talent for storytelling and has directed several successful films.

Marketing manager – Менеджер по маркетингу

The marketing manager developed and implemented marketing campaigns to promote the company’s products.

She has experience in marketing and knows how to reach target audiences through various channels.

Real estate agent – Агент по недвижимости

The real estate agent helped her clients find their dream home by showing them properties that fit their needs and budget.

He has a talent for finding the perfect home for his clients and negotiating favorable deals.

Public relations specialist – Специалист по связям с общественностью

The public relations specialist managed the company’s image and reputation through strategic communication and media relations.

She has excellent writing and communication skills, and is skilled at building relationships with journalists and other stakeholders.

Personal trainer – Личный тренер

The personal trainer created customized workout plans and coached his clients to help them achieve their fitness goals.

He has a strong understanding of exercise physiology and is skilled at motivating and supporting his clients.

Copywriter – Копирайтер

The copywriter created written content for various mediums, such as advertisements, websites, and marketing materials.

She has an excellent command of language and is skilled at writing persuasive and engaging copy.

Speech therapist – Логопед

The speech therapist worked with clients to improve their communication skills, such as speech and language development.

She has a degree in speech pathology and is trained in various therapeutic techniques.

Data analyst – Аналитик данных

The data analyst analyzed and interpreted data to provide insights and recommendations for business decisions.

He has a strong understanding of statistical methods and data visualization tools.

Art director – Художественный руководитель

The art director oversaw the visual design and creative direction of artistic projects, such as films, advertisements, and video games.

She has a strong understanding of art and design principles, and is skilled at managing teams of artists and designers.

Content creator – Создатель контента

The content creator produced multimedia content for various platforms, such as social media, blogs, and podcasts.

She has a creative flair and is skilled at using different mediums, such as video, audio, and graphics.

Investment analyst – Аналитик инвестиций

The investment analyst researched and analyzed financial data to provide insights and recommendations for investment decisions.

He has a strong understanding of financial markets and is skilled at financial modeling and forecasting.

Makeup artist – Визажист

The makeup artist applied makeup to enhance the appearance of clients for various occasions, such as weddings, photo shoots, and film productions.

She has an eye for aesthetics and is skilled at using makeup products and tools.

Musician – Музыкант

The musician performed and composed music, entertaining audiences and expressing emotions through sound.

He has a strong understanding of music theory and is skilled at playing one or more musical instruments.

Software architect – Архитектор программного обеспечения

The software architect designed and planned the structure and functionality of software applications, ensuring their scalability and maintainability.

He has a strong understanding of software engineering principles and design patterns.

Translator – Переводчик

The translator translated written or spoken content from one language to another, ensuring accuracy and cultural sensitivity.