Текст книги "Полная чушь. Всякий бред"

Приложение В
Работа и эмоциональный труд

Из двенадцати стандартных групп по профессиям, используемым в американской переписи населения, шесть содержат большинство работ, требующих эмоционального труда, как он был определен в главе 7. Это следующие шесть групп, приведенные в таблице 1: профессиональные и технические работники, менеджеры и администраторы, продавцы, офисные работники и обслуживающий персонал двух типов – тот, который работает внутри домохозяйства, и тот, который работает вне его. Так или иначе, вероятно, от большинства продавцов, менеджеров и администраторов требуется делать ту или иную эмоциональную работу. Но у тех, кто числится среди профессионалов, на обслуживающей и офисной работе, по-видимому, лишь небольшое число профессий предполагает существенные объемы эмоционального труда (см. таблицы 2, 3 и 4). В эти категории входят некоторые из наиболее быстро растущих профессий. По данным Американского бюро трудовой статистики, в 1980-е наблюдался 30-процентный рост числа социальных работников, 25-процентный – воспитателей детского сада, 45-процентный – администраторов больницы, 33-процентный – менеджеров по продажам, 79-процентный – бортпроводников и 35-процент-ный – работников предприятий быстрого питания. Самое большое число новых рабочих мест ожидается в секторе розничной торговли, в особенности в супермаркетах и ресторанах (New York Times, October 14, 1979, p. 8). Учитывая приблизительность профессиональных категорий, соответствие между критерием эмоциональной работы, профессией и выполняемым трудом неизбежно оказывается также приблизительным. Представленные здесь таблицы только намечают закономерность, заслуживающую более пристального изучения.

Таблица 1 показывает число рабочих мест во всех шести профессиональных категориях в 1970 году. Она также показывает численность мужчин и женщин в этих категориях. В общем и целом женщины гораздо шире представлены на рабочих местах, где требуется эмоциональный труд: на таких работах работает около половины женщин. Мужчины представлены меньше: около четверти всех работающих мужчин заняты на эмоциональных работах. Это верно для профессиональных и технических работ, работы в офисе и для работ в сфере услуг.

В таблице 2 показано 15 видов занятости, которые включают в себя существенные объемы эмоционального труда, выбранных из 27 разных видов занятости, сгруппированных как «работники интеллектуального труда (гуманитарные специальности)», «технические работники» или «смежные специальности» в американской переписи. Там подсчитана доля всех интеллектуальных и технических рабочих мест, включавших в себя существенные объемы эмоционального труда в 1970 году, и показаны колебания в зависимости от пола. В таблицах 3 и 4 соответственно выполнен такой же анализ для офисных работников и для обслуживающего персонала, работающего не в домохозяйствах.

ТАБЛИЦА 1

Суммарные оценки числа рабочих мест, на которых требовался эмоциональный труд в 1970 году

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: в таблицах 1 и 4 перечисляется число работающих по найму людей в возрасте от 14 лет и старше по профессиям, согласно данным американской переписи населения 1970 года.

ИСТОЧНИК: US. Bureau of the Censlls. i. “Census of the Population: 1970,” Vol. I, Characteristics of the Population, Part I. United States Summary Section I, Table 221. Detailed Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor Force and Employed Persons by Sex (Washington nt: C.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), pp. 718–724.

ТАБЛИЦА 2

Подробный анализ занятости избранных гуманитарных, технических и подобных им работников, 1970

ТАБЛИЦА 3

Подробный анализ занятости избранных офисных и подобных им работников, 1970

ТАБЛИЦА 4

Подробный анализ занятости избранного обслуживающего персонала за исключением работающих в частных домохозяйствах, 1970

^а Включая помощников стоматолога, младший медицинский персонал, медсестер и медбратьев, а также акушерок.

^б Включая бортпроводников, работников оздоровительно-развлекательных учреждений, личных помощников, не классифицируемых иначе, носильщиков и посыльных, барберов, старший обслуживающий персонал в пансионах, чистильщиков обуви.

^в Включая пожарных и констеблей, полицейских и дознавателей, шерифов и судебных приставов.

Приложение Г
Системы профессионального и персонального контроля

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