Текст книги "Разорви шаблон!"

Благодарности

В первую очередь хочу поблагодарить Университет Хартфордшира за помощь в моей работе в течение всех этих лет. Благодарю Клайва Джеффриса и Эмму Грининг за правку ранних черновиков рукописи, а также моего агента Патрика Уолша и редакторов Джона Батлера и Милли-сент Беннетт, без поддержки и профессиональных советов которых эта книга не увидела бы свет. Кроме того, выражаю особую признательность моей замечательной коллеге, товарищу и партнеру Каролин Уотт. Наконец, хотелось бы поблагодарить всех тех многочисленных ученых, которые посвятили свою трудовую деятельность изучению принципа «как если бы», в том числе Дарила Бема, Джеймса Д. Лэйрда, Стэнли Шехтера, Артура Арона и, конечно же, непревзойденного гения Уильяма Джеймса.

Примечания

1. Miller, G. A. (1993). Psychology: The Science of Mental Life. New York: Harper & Row

2. Большая часть информации в этом разделе основывается на: Hunt, М. (1993). The History of Psychology, Doubleday: New York. Richardson, R.D. (2006). William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism. New York: Houghton-Mifflin.

3. Miller, G. A., op. cit.

4. Myers, G. R. (1986). William James: His Life and Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press.

5. James, W (1892). Psychology: Briefer Course. New York: Henry Holt.

6. James, W (1890). The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1. New York: Henry Holt & Co.

7. Snyder, E S., Kaufman, R., Harrison, J., & Maruff, E (2010). 'Charles Darwin's Emotional Expression "Experiment" and His Contribution to Modern Neuropharmacology'. Journal of the History of theNeurosciences, 19,158–170.

8. James, W (1899). The Gospel of Relaxation. Scribner's, 499–507.

9. Большая часть информации в этом разделе основывается на: Laird, J. D. (2007). Feelings: The Perception of Self. New York: Oxford University Press.

10. Zajonc, R. В., Murphy, S. Т., Inglehart, M. (1989). 'Feeling and facial efference: implications of the vascular theory of emotion'. Psychological Review. 96(3), 395–416.

11. Larsen, R. J., Kasimatis, M., & Frey, K. (1992). 'Facilitating the furrowed brow: An unobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis applied to unpleasant affect'. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 321-38.

12. Strack, F., Martin, L. L., and Stepper, S. (1988). 'Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-77.

13. Levenson, R. W, Ekman, E, & Friesen, W V (1990). 'Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity'. Psychophysiology, 27(4), 363-84.

14. Levenson, R. W, Ekman, E, Heider, K., & Friesen, W V (1992). 'Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 972-88.

15. Feinstein, J. S., Adolphs, R., Damasio, A., andTranel, D. (2010). 'The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear'. Current Biology, 21, 34—8.

16. Lee, T. W, Josephs, O., Dolan, R. J., & Critchley, H. D. (2006). 'Imitating expressions: Emotion-specific neural substrates in facial mimicry'. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 1,122-35.

17. Hill, A., Rand, D., Nowak, M., & Christakis, N. (2010). 'Emotions as infectious diseases in a large social network: the SISa model'. Proceedings of die Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1701), 3827-35.

18. Snodgrass, S. E., Higgins, J.G., and Todisco, L. (1986). 'The Effects of Walking Behavior on Mood'. Faper presented at the American Fsychological Association convention.

19. Koch, S.C. (2011). 'Basic body rhythms and embodied inter-corporality: From individual to interpersonal movement feedback'. In W Tschacher, & C. Bergomi (eds.), 'The implications of embodiment: Cognition and communication' (pp. 151-71). Exeter: Imprint Academic.

20 Velten, E. (1968). 'A laboratory task for induction of mood states'. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 473-82.

21. Larsen, R. J., & Sinnett, L. M. (1991). 'Meta-analysis of experimental manipulations: Some factors affecting the Velten mood induction procedure'. Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 323-34.

22 Hatfield, E., Hsee, С. К., Costello, J., Weisman, M. S. & Den-ney, C. (1995). 'The impact of vocal feedback on emotional experience and expression'. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 293–313.

23. Neuhoff, С. C. and Schaefer, C. (2002). 'Effects of laughing, smiling and howling on mood'. Psychological Reports, 91,1079-80.

24 Kim, S. and Kim, J. (2007). 'Mood after various brief exercise and sport modes: aerobics, hip-hop dancing, ice skating, and body conditioning'. Perceptual and motor skills, 104,1265-70.

25 Lovatt, P (2011). Personal communication.

26 Clift, S., Hancox, G., Morrison, I., Hess, В., Kreutz, G. and Stewart, D. (2010) 'Choral Singing and Psychological Wellbe-ing', Journal of Applied Arts and Health, 1,19–34.

27 Kreutz, G., Bongard, S., Rohrmann, S., Grebe, D., Bastian, H., and Hodapp V 'Does singing provide health benefits?'. Proceedings of the 5th Triennial ESCOM Conference, 216-19.

28 Riley, J. (1967). 'The saga of the Barefoot Bag on Campus'. Life magazine, 17 March, 72-3.

29 Berscheid, E. and Walster, E. (1978). Interpersonal Attraction. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing, p. 149.

30 Clark, R. D., Ill & Hatfield, E. (1989). 'Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers'. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 2, 39–55.

31. Sternberg, R. J. and Weiss, K. (2006). The New Psychology of Love. New Haven: Yale University Press.

32 Byrne, D. (1971). The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press.

33. Hatfield, E. (1985). 'Passionate and companionate love'. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (eds.), The Psychology of Love (pp. 191–217). Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press.

34 Traupmann, J., & Hatfield, E. (1981). 'Love and its effect on mental and physical health'. In R. Fogel, E. Hatfield, S. Kiesler, & E. Shanas (eds.). Ageing: Stability and Change in the Family (pp. 253-74). New York: Academic Press.

35 Эта анкета базируется на: Hatfield, Е., & Sprecher, S. (1986). 'Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships'. Journal of Adolescence, 6, 383–410. Sprecher, S. & Fehr, B. (2005). 'Compassionate love for close others and humanity'. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629-52.

36 Beauman, E (2011). Shapely Ankle Preferr'd: A History of the Lonely Hearts Ad 1695–2010. London: Chatto & Windus.

37 Asendorpf, J. В., Penke, L., & Back, M. D. (2011). 'From dating to mating and relating: Predictors of initial and long-term outcomes of speed-dating in a community sample'. European Journal of Personality, 25,16–30.

38. Schachter, S. and Singer, J. E. (1962). 'Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional states', Psychological Review, 69, 379-99.

39 Эта анкета основана на «Тесте телесных ощущений» Стивена Порджеса.

40 Anderson, С. A., Bushman, В. J., & Groom, R. W. (1997). 'Hot years and serious and deadly assault: Empirical tests of the heat hypothesis'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,1213-23.

41. Baron, R. A., & Bell, E A. (1976). 'Aggression and heat: The influence of ambient temperature negative affect, and a cooling drink on physical aggression'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 245-55.

42 White, G.L., Fishbein, S., & Rutstein, J. (1981). 'Passionate love and the misattribution of arousal'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 56–62.

43. Berscheid, E. and Walster, E. (1978). Interpersonal attraction. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing.

44 Dutton, D. G. and Aron, A. E (1974). 'Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 510-17.

45 Meston, С M., & Frohlich, P. E (2003) 'Love at first fright: Partner salience moderates roller coaster-induced excitation transfer'. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 537-44.

46 Driscoll, R. H., Davis, K. E., & Lipetz, M. E. (1972). 'Farental interference and romantic love: The Romeo and Juliet effect'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24,1-10.

47 Hatfield, E., & Berscheid, E. (1971). 'Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder'. Psychology Today, 6, 46–62.

48. Brookes, M. (2004). Extreme Measures: The Dark Visions and Bright Ideas of Francis Galton. London: Bloomsbury.

49 Galton, F. (1884). 'Measurement of character', Fortnightly Review, 36,179-82.

50. Givens, D. (2005). Love Signals. New York: St Martin's Fress.

51. Gergen, K., Gergen, M., & Barton, W. H. (1973). 'Deviance in the dark'. Psychology Today, 11,129-30.

52. Wegner, D. M., Lane, J. D., & Dimitri, S. (1994). 'The allure of secret relationships'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 287–300.

53. Fraley, В., & Aron, A. (2004). 'The effect of a shared humorous experience on closeness in initial encounters'. PersonalRelationships, 11, 61–78.

54 Подробное описание работы смотрите здесь: Laird, J. D. (2007). Feelings: The Perception of Self. New York: Oxford University Press.

55. Epstein, R. (2006). 'Giving psychology away: A personal journey'. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1 (4), 389–400.

56 Epstein, R. (2010). 'How science can help you fall in love'. Sci-entific American Mind, January/February, 26–33.

57 Epstein, R. (2002). 'Editor as guinea pig: Putting love to a real test [Editorial]'. Psychology Today, May/June, 5.

58. Большая часть информации в этом разделе основывается на: Epstein, R. 'Answers to 50 questions from the media: Regarding Dr. Epstein's "Learning-to-Love" Experiment'.

59. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/apr/10/lnl0 psych232525-love-put-test-psych-course/.

60. Epstein, R. (2010). 'How science can help you fall in love'. Scientific American Mind, January/February, 26–33.

61. Strong, G., Fincham, F., & Aron, A. (2009). 'When nothing bad happens but you're still unhappy: Boredom in romantic relationships'. In Mind, 8. Tsapelas, I., Aron, A., & Orbuch, T. (2009). 'Marital boredom now, predicts less satisfaction nine years later'. Psychological Science, 20, 543-5.

62. Reissmann, C., Aron, A., & Bergen, M. (1993). 'Shared activities and marital satisfaction: Causal direction and self-expansion versus boredom'. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10,243-54.

63. Hohmann, G. W. (1966). 'Some effects of spinal cord lesions on experienced emotional feelings'. Psychophysiology, 3,143-56.

64 Более подробную информацию об этих исследованиях вы можете найти тут: Laird, J. D. (2007). Feelings: The Perception of Self. New York: Oxford University Press.

65. Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, E, & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). 'The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience'. Emotion, 10 (3), 433-40.

66 Chaves, J. and Barber, T. X. (1973). 'Needles and knives: behind the mystery of acupuncture and Chinese meridians'. Human Behavior, 2,19–24.

67 Lanzetta, J., Cartwright-Smith, J., & Kleck, R. (1976). 'Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 354-70.

68. Bohns, V K, and Wiltermuth, S., S. (in press). 'It hurts when I do this (or you do that): Posture and pain tolerance'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

69. U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). Uniform crime reports. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

70. Данные из: Seligman, Martin E. P (1993). What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement. New York: Knopf.

71. Большая часть информации в этом разделе взята из: Alvarado, С. (2009). 'Nineteenth-century hysteria and hypnosis: A historical note on Blanche Wittmann'. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 37, 21–36.

72. Simon, R. I. (1967). 'Great paths cross: Freud and James at Clark University, 1909'. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124 (6), 139-42.

73. Straus, M. A. (1974). 'Leveling, Civility, and Violence in the Family'. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36,13–30.

74. Ebbesen, E. В., Duncan, В., & Копе ni, V J. 'Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression: A field experiment'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1975,11,192–204.

75. Goldstein, J. H., & Arms, R. L. (1971). 'Effects of observing athletic contests on hostility'. Sociometry, 34, 83–90.

76. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/83 76041 / Revealed-full-scale-of-Old-Firm-football-madness.html.

77 Whitaker, J. L., Bushman, B. J. (2011). 'Remain Calm. Be Kind. Effects of Relaxing Video Games on Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior'. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 88–89.

78. Bremner, R. H., Koole, S. L., & Bushman, B.J. (2011).'Pray for those who mistreat you: Effects of prayer on anger and aggression'. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 830-7.

79. Bushman, B. J. (2002). 'Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding'. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724—31.

80. Hunt, M. (1993). The Story of Psychology. New York: Doubleday.

81. Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

82. Gustafson, С R., Kelly, D. J, Sweeney, M., & Garcia, J. (1976). 'Prey-lithium aversions: I. Coyotes and wolves'. Behavioral Biology, 17, 61–72.

83. Взято из: Seligman, Martin Е.Е (1993). What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement. New York: Knopf.

84 См., к примеру: Clark, D. M. (1986). 'A cognitive approach to panic'. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-70. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, E M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Ludgate, J., and Gelder, M. (1999). 'Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial'. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 583-9.

85. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, E M., Hackman, A., et al. (1994). 'A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder'. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-69.

86 Goldfried, M. R., Linehan, M. M., & Smith, J. L. (1978). 'Reduction of test anxiety through cognitive restructuring'. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 32-9. Goldfried, M. R., & Sobocinski, D. (1975). 'Effect of irrational beliefs on emotional arousal'. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 504-10. Langer, Т., Janis, I., & Wolfer, J. (1975). 'Reduction of psychological stress in surgical patients'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11,155-65.

87 Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., Jordan, H. (2008). 'Disgust as embodied moral judgment'. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (8), 1096–1109.

88. Zhong, C, & Liljenquist, K. (2006). 'Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Fhysical Cleansing'. Science, 313,1451-2.

89. Ben-Noun, L. (2003). 'What Was the Mental Disease that Afflicted King Saul?'. Clinical Case Studies, 2, 270-82.

90 Huisman, M. (2007). 'King Saul, work-related stress and depression'. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 890.

91. Myers, D. (2001). Exploring Psychology. Worth Fublishers: New York.

92 Cuijpers, E, van Straten, A., van Oppen, P., & Andersson, G. (2008). Are Psychological and Fharmacologic Interventions Equally Effective in the Treatment of Adult Depressive Disorders? A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies'. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1675-85. Imel, 2. E., McKay, К. M., Malterer, M. В., & Wampold. В. E. (2008). A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and medication in unipolar depression and dys-thymia'. Journal of Affective Disorders, 110,197–206.

93. Schnall, S., & Laird, J. D. (2003). 'Keep smiling: Enduring effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience and memory'. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 787-97.

94 Van Swearingen, J. M., Cohn, J. E, and Bajaj-Luthra, A. (1999). 'Specific impairment of smiling increases the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders'. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 23, 416-23.

95 Koch, S. C, Morlinghaus, K., & Fuchs, T. (2007). 'The joy dance. Effects of a single dance intervention on patients with depression'. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34, 340-9.

96 Lewinsohn, P M. (1974). 'A behavioral approach to depression'. In R. M. Friedman, & M. M. Katz (eds.), The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research. New York: Wiley. Lewinsohn, P M., Antonuccio, D. O., Breckenridge, J. S., & Teri, L. (1984). The 'Coping with Depression' Course. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

97 Более подробную информацию об активации поведения ищите здесь: Veale, D. & Willson, R. (2007). Manage Your Mood: Using Behavioural Activation Techniques to Overcome Depression. London: Robinson publishing.

98. Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S. D., Dobson, K. S., Schmaling, К. В., Kohlenberg, R., Addis, M., Gallop, R., McGlinchey, J., Markley, D., Gollan, J. K., Atkins, D. C., Dunner, D. L., & Jacobson, N. S. (2006). 'Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression'. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7A (4), 658-70.

99 For a review of this work, see: Spates, C. R., Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. (2006). 'A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder'. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(4), 508-18.

100 Kohn, A. (1993). Punished By Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

101 Curry, S. J., Wagner, E. H., & Grothaus, L. C. (1991). 'Evaluation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Interventions with a Self-Help Smoking Cessation Program'. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 318-24.

102 Geller, E. S., Rudd, J. R., Kalsher, M. J., Streff, E M., & Lehman, G. R. (1987). 'Employer-based programs to motivate safety belt use (a review of short-term and long-term effects)'. Journal of Safety Research, 18,1-17.

103 См., например: McQuillan, J. (1997). 'The Effects of Incentives on Reading'. Reading Research and Instruction, 36,111-25.

104 Kohn, A., op. cit.

105 Amabile, Т. M. (1985). 'Motivation and Creativity: Effects of Motivational Orientation on Creative Writers'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 393-9.

106 Deci, E. L. (1971). 'Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18,105-15.

107 Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). 'Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28,129-37.

108 Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1965). 'Effectiveness of emotional role playing in modifying smoking habits and attitudes'. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 84–90.

109 Mann, L. & Janis, I. L. (1968). 'A follow-up study on the long-term effects of emotional role-playing'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 339-42.

110 Pliner, P., Hart, H., Kohl, J., & Saari, D. (1974). 'Compliance without pressure: Some Further Data on the Foot-in-the-Door Technique'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 17–22.

111 Beaman, A. L., Cole, M. C, Preston, M., Klentz, В., & Meh-rkens-Steblay, N. (1983) 'Fifteen years of foot-in-the-door research: a meta-analysis'. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9,181-96.

112 Meineri, S. & Gueguen N. (2008). 'An Application of the Foot-in-the-Door Strategy in the Environmental Field'. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 71-4.

113 Gueguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2001). 'Fund-raising on the web: The effect of an electronic foot-in-the-door on donation'. Cy-berPsychology & Behavior, 4, 705-9.

114 Gueguen, N., Pascual, A., Marchand, M. & Lourel, M. (2008). 'Foot-in-the-Door Technique Using a Courtship Request: A Field Experiment'. Psychological Reports, 103, 529-35.

115 Cialdini, R. В., Cacioppo, J. Т., Basset, R., & Miller, J. A. (1978). 'The low-ball procedure for producing compliance: Commitment then cost'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 463-76.

116 Zeigarnik, В. V (1927). 'Uber das Behalten von erledigten und unerledigten Handlungen (The Retention of Completed and Uncompleted Activities)', Psychologische Forschung, 9,1-85.

117 Staub, E. (1989). The Roots of Evil. New York: Cambridge University Press.

118 Purcell, A. H. (1981). 'The world's trashiest people: Will they clean up their act or throw away their future?'. The Futurist, 2, 51-9.

119 Burn, S. M. & Oskamp, S. (1986). 'Increasing Community Recycling with Persuasive Communication and Public Commitment', Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 29–41.

120 Martin, S. (1993). What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement. New York: Knopf.

121 Mann, Т., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A., Samuels, В., & Chatman, J. (2007). 'Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer'. American Psychologist, 62, 220-33.

122 Forster, J. (2003). 'The influence of approach and avoidance motor actions on food intake'. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 339-50.

123 Webber, L. S., Catellier, D. J., Lytle, L. A., Murray, D. M., Pratt, C. A., Young, D. R., Elder, J. R, Lohman, T. G., Stevens, J., Jobe, J. В., & Pate, R. R. (2008). 'Promoting Physical Activity in Middle-School Girls: Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls'. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 34,173-84.

124 Schachter, S. (1968). 'Obesity and eating: internal and external cues differentially affect the eating behavior of obese and normal subjects'. Science, 161, 751-6.

125 Nisbett, R. (1968). 'Determinants of food intake in obesity'. Science, 159,1254-5.

126 Goldman, R., Jaffa, M., & Schachter, S. (1968). Tom Kippur, Air France, dormitory food, and eating behavior of obese and normal persons'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10,117-23.

127 Wansink, B. (2004). 'Environmental Factors that Increase the Food Intake and Consumption Volume of Unknowing Consumers'. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24, 455-79.

128 Herman, С P, Olmsted, M. P, & Polivy, J. (1983). 'Obesity, externality, and susceptibility to social influence: An integrated analysis'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45,926-34.

129 Sentyrz, S. M., & Bushman, B. J. (1998). 'Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the thinnest one of all? Effects of self-awareness on consumption of fatty, reduced-fat, and fat-free products'. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 944-9.

130 Neal, D., Wood, W, Wu, M., and Kurlander, D. (2011). 'The Pull of the Past: When Do Habits Persist Despite Conflict With Motives?'. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37,1428-37.

131 Riskind, J. (1984). 'They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 479-93.

132 Hyung-il, A., Teeters, A., Wang, A., Breazeal, C. & Picard, R. (2007). 'Stoop to Conquer: Posture and affect interact to influence computer users' persistence'. The 2nd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII2007), 12–14 September, Lisbon, Portugal.

133 Fletcher,В. (C). &Stead,B. (2000). (Inner) FITnessandtheFIT Corporation (Smart Strategies). London: International Thomson Press.

134 Hung, Iris W and Aparna A. Labroo (2011), 'From Firm Muscles to Firm Willpower: Understanding the Role of Embodied Cognition in Self-Regulation'. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 1046–1058.

135 Friedman, R., Elliot, A.J. (2008). 'The effect of arm crossing on persistence and performance'. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 449-61.

136 Fletcher, B. (C)., Page, N. & Pine, K. J. (2007). 'A new behavioural intervention for tackling obesity: Do something different'. European Journal of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 18, 8-10. Fletcher, B. (C)., Hanson, J., Pine, K. J. & Page, N. (2011). 'FIT – Do something different: A new psychological intervention tool for facilitating weight loss'. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 70, 25–34. Fletcher, В. (C), & Page, N. (2008). 'FIT Science for weight loss – a controlled study of the benefits of enhancing behavioural flexibility'. European Journal of Nutro-ceuticals & Functional Foods, 19, 20-3.

137 См. например: Fletcher, B. (C), Penman, D., & Pine, K. J. (2006). The No Diet Diet: Do Something Different. London: Orion. Fletcher, B. (C), & Pine, K. J. (2012). Flex: Do Something Different. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.

138 Korea: Twenty-Three Americas'. Time magazine, 5 October 1953.

139 Aronson, E. (2004). The Social Animal (Ninth Edition). New York: Worth Publishers, p.150.

140 Kassarjian, H. H., and J. B. Cohen. (1965). 'Cognitive dissonance and consumer behavior', California Management Review, 8, 55–64.

141 Jones, E. E., & Kohler, R. (1958). 'The effects of plausibility on the learning of controversial statements'. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 315-20.

142 Bickman, L. (1972). 'Environmental attitudes and actions', Journal of Social Psychology, 87, 323-4.

143 Batson, С D., Thompson, E. R., & Chen, H. (2002). 'Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 330-9. Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., Seuferling, G., Whitney, H., & Strongman, J. (1999). 'Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525-37.

144 Обзор этой работы ищите здесь: Maio, G.R., & Haddock, G. (2010). The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. London: Sage.

145 Peterson. A. V Jr., Kealey, K. A., Mann, S. L., Marek, P. M., & Sarason, I. G. (2000). 'Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in school-based tobacco use prevention – results on smoking'. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92,1979-91.

146 Wakefield, M., Terry-McElrath, Y, Emery, S., Saffer, H., Cha-loupka, F., Szczypka, G., Flay, В., O'Malley, P., & Johnston, L. (2006). 'Effect of televised, tobacco company-funded smoking prevention advertising on youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions and behavior'. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2154-60.

147 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1264937/Millions-spent-5-day-mantra-eating-LESS-vegetables.html.

148 Hornik, R., Jacobsohn, L., Orwin, R., Piesse, A., & Kalton, G. (2008). 'Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign onYonths'. American Journal of Public Health, 98,2229-36.

149 Clark, K. B. & Clark, M. K. (1940). 'Skin color as a factor in racial identification of Negro preschool children'. The Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 159-69. Clark, K. B. & Clark, M. K. (1950). 'Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children'. Journal of Negro Education, 19,341-50.

150 For an account of this work, see: Kleinke, C. L. (1978). Self-perception: The psychology of Personal Awareness. San Francisco: Freeman.

151 Halberstam, D. (1976). The Best and the Brightest. New York: Random House.

152 Elms, A. C. (1966).'Influence of fantasy ability on attitude change through role playing'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 36–43.

153 Janis, I. L. & King, В. T. (1954). 'The influence of role-playing on opinion change'. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 49, 211-18.

154 Laird, J. D. (2007). Feelings: The Perception of Self. New York: Oxford University Press.

155 Schein, E. H. (1956). 'The Chinese Indoctrination Program for Prisoners of War'. Psychiatry, 19,149-72.

156 Myers, D. G. (2010). Social Psychology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

157 Chandler, J. & Schwarz, N. (2009). 'How extending your middle finger affects your perception of others: Learned movements influence concept accessibility'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45,123-8.

158 Wells, G. L., & Petty, R. E. (1980). 'The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses'. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1,219–230. Tom, G., Pettersen, R, Lau, T, Burton, T, & Cook, J. (1991). 'The role of overt head movement in the formation of affect'. BasicandAppliedSocialPsychology, 12, 281-9.

159 Более подробную информацию об этом опыте можно почерпнуть тут: Peters, W (1971). A Class Divided: Then and Now. New Haven: Yale University Press.

160 Bloom, S. G., 'Blue-Eyes, Brown-Eyes: The Experiment that Shocked the Nation and Turned a Town Against its Most Famous Daughter'.

161 http://libcom.org/history/the-third-wave-1967-account-ron-jones.

162 Chaiken, S., & Baldwin, M. W (1981). 'Affective-cognitive consistency and the effect of salient behavioral information on the self-perception of attitudes'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41,1-12.

163 Brehm,J. (1956). 'Post-decision changes in desirability of alternatives'. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384-9.

164 Knox, R. E. & Inkster, J. A. (1968). 'Postdecision dissonance at post time'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 319-23.

165 Zhong, С. В. & Leonardelli, G. J. (2008). 'Cold and Lonely: Does Social Exclusion Literally Feel Cold?'. Psychological Science, 19, 838-42.

166 Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). 'Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth'. Science, 322, 606-7.

167 Brehm, J. W (1960). 'Attitudinal consequences of commitment to unpleasant behavior'. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 370-83.

168 Glass, D. C. (1964). 'Changes in liking as a means of reducing cognitive discrepancies between self-esteem and aggression'. Journal of Personality, 32, 531-49.

169 Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. Т., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional Contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press.

170 См., например: Friedman, H. S. & Riggio, R. (1981). 'The effect of individual differences in nonverbal expressiveness on transmission of emotion'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 96-104.

171 Andreasson, E, & Dimberg, U. (2008). 'Emotional Empathy and Facial Feedback'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32, 215-24. Dimberg, U., Andreasson, P., & Thunberg, M. (2011). 'Emotional empathy and facial reactions to facial expressions'. Journal ofPsychophysiology. 25, 26–31.