Текст книги "Остеопороз под контролем. 12-недельный протокол лечения и профилактики заболеваний костей"

132 Наши палеолитические предки: Simopoulos AP, “An Increase in the omega-6/ omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity.” Nutrients 8 no. 3 (2016):128. 110 Today, our diets have skewed: Simopoulos AP, “The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56, no. 8 (October 2002):365–79.

133 исследование, опубликованное в Журнале клинической диетологии: Weiss LA et al., “Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (2005):934–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571226/.

135 Исследователи определили, что омега-3– и омега-6-жирные кислоты: Simopoulos AP, “An Increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity.” Nutrients 8 no. 3 (2016):128. 114 research published in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet: de Lorgeril M et al., “Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.” Lancet 343 (1994):1454–9.

Глава 5: Пришло время сыграть в игру жизни

143 93 процента американцев: Calafat AM et al., “Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004.” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 1 (2007):39–44.

143 более 75 процентов американцев: Duty SM et al., “Personal care product use predicts urinary concentrations of some phthalate monoesters.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 11 (November 2005):1530–5.

144 В исследовании 2012 года: Soriano S et al., “Rapid insulinotropic action of low doses of bisphenol-A on mouse and human islets of langerhans: role of estrogen receptor.” PLoS One 7, no. 2 (2012):e31109.

144 Недавние исследования также определили: Stahlhut RW et al., “Concentrations of Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 6 (June 2007):876–82.

144 Доказано, что инсулинорезистентность: Srikanthan P et al., “Insulin resistance and bone strength: findings from the study of midlife in the United States.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 29, no. 4 (2014):796–803.

144 Исследование, опубликованное в Журнале клинической эндокринологии и метаболизма: Meeker JD et al., “Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated With Decreased Serum Testosterone in Men, Women, and Children From NHANES 2011–2012.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2014. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014–2555.

144 тестостерон может повысить способность костей сохранять кальций: Women’s International Pharmacy. womensinternational.com/portfolio-items/testosterone-for – women/.

144 до 30 процентов мужчин: National Institutes of Health, Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17303-osteoporosis-in-men.

144 Оба влияют на всасывание кальция: Deutschmann A et al., “Bisphenol A inhibits voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels in vitro: mechanisms and structural requirements,” Molecular Pharmacology 83, no. 2 (February 2013):501–11. См. также Liu PS et al., “Comparative Suppression of phthalate monoesters and phthalate diesters on calcium signalling coupled to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.” Journal of Toxicological Sciences 34, no. 3 (June 2009):255–63.

145 Каждый год около трех миллиардов килограммов: Perrine S, Hurlock H. The New American Diet. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009.

146 Таблица 5.1: Источники: Ballatori N et al., “N-acetylcysteine as an antidote in methylmercury poisoning.” Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 5 (1998):267–71; Ettinger AS et al., “Effect of calcium supplementation on blood lead levels in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117, no. 1 (January 2009):26–31; Flora G et al., “Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates.” Interdisciplinary Toxicology 5, no. 2 (2012):47–58; Li YF et al., “Organic selenium supplementation increases mercury excretion and decreases oxidative damage in long-term mercury-exposed residents from Wanshan, China.” Environmental Science and Technology 46, no. 20 (October 2012):11313–8; Van Barneveld AA et al., “Influence of Ca and Mg on the uptake and deposition of Pb and Cd in mice.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 7, no. 1 (June 1985):1–10.

146 Таблица 5.1: Свинец: Kuzma C, “Lead in rice: what you need to know.” Prevention. April 10, 2013. prevention.com/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/a20445159/lead-in-rice-what-you-need-to-know/.

146 Таблица 5.1: повышение уровня свинца связано с недостатком железа: Smith H. Diagnosis in Paediatric Haematology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1996, 6–40.

147 Таблица 5.1: Ртуть: Dufault R et al., “Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar.” Environmental Health 8 (2009):2.

147 Таблица 5.1: Мышьяк: Singh AP et al., “Mechanisms pertaining to arsenic toxicity.” Toxicology International 18, no. 2 (2011):87–93. См. также Argos M et al., “Arsenic exposure from drinking water, and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh (HEALS): a prospective cohort study.” Lancet 376, no. 9737 (July 2010):252–8.

148 Таблица 5.1: Высокий уровень алюминия в крови: Cannata Andia JB et al., “Aluminum toxicity: its relationship with bone and iron metabolism.” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2, no. 3 suppl. (1996):69–73.

148 девочки-подростки: Environmental Working Group Skin Deep. ewg.org/skindeep/top-tips – for-safer-products/.

149 Тем не менее, плохие новости: Shaofang Cai, Jiahao Zhu, Lingling Sun, Chunhong Fan, Yaohong Zhong, Qing Shen, Yingjun Li, Association between urinary triclosan with bone mass density and osteoporosis in the US adult women, 2005–2010, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00576.

151 Флюорид аккумулируется в костях: Fluoride Action Network. fluoridealert.org /studies/bone04.

153 Высокий уровень ПФК: Knox SS et al., “Implications of early menopause in women exposed to perfluorocarbons.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96, no. 6 (June 2011):1747–53.

153 ПФК также показал: National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. ncceh.ca/sites/default/files/Health_effects_PFCs_Oct_2010.pdf.

154 Стресс и тревога: Gallup poll, December 4–11, 2017. news.gallup.com/poll /224336/eight-americans-afflicted-stress.aspx. См. также 2008 Stress in America survey. American Psychological Association.

154 Согласно ВОЗ: Hamer M et al., “The Role of functional foods in the psychobiology of health and disease.” Nutrition Research Reviews 18, no. 1 (June 2005):77–88.

154 Хотя исследования показали: Matthews KA et al., “Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk of post – trial mortality in men from the multiple risk factor intervention trial.” Archives of Internal Medicine 162, no. 3 (February 2002):309– 15. См. также Heraclides A et al., “Psychosocial stress at work doubles the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women: evidence from the Whitehall II Study.” Diabetes Care 32, no. 12 (December 2009):2230–5; Kruk J, “Self-reported psychological stress and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study.” Stress 15, no. 2 (March 2012):162–71; Thayer et al., “The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors.” International Journal of Cardiology 141, no. 2 (May 2010):122–31; Veen G et al., “Salivary Cortisol, serum lipids, and adiposity in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders.” Metabolism 58, no. 6 (June 2009):821–7.

154 Исследование 2018 года: Catalano A et al., “Anxiety levels predict fracture risk in postmenopausal women assessed for osteoporosis.” Menopause 25, no. 10 (October 2018):1110–15.

155 исследование клиники Мейо: Ballentine R. Diet and Nutrition. Honesdale, PA: Himalayan Institute Press, 1978.

156 исследование 2013 года, опубликованное в журнале «Психооматическая медицина»: Long SJ et al., “Effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on stress, mild psychiatric symptoms, and mood in nonclinical samples: a meta-analysis.” Psychosomatic Medicine 75, no. 2 (2013): 144–53.

156 мичиганское исследование здоровья костей: Sowers M et al., “Bone mineral density and its change in pre– and perimenopausal white women: the Michigan Bone Health Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13, no. 7 (July 1998):1134–40.

156 Кортизол косвенно влияет на кости: Chiodini I et al., “Role of cortisol hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.” Recenti Progressi in Medicina 99, no. 6 (June 2008):309–13.

156 нарушение усиливает резорбцию кости: Heshmati HM et al., “Effects of the circadian variation in serum cortisol on markers of bone turnover and calcium homeostasis in normal postmenopausal women.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, no. 3 (March 1998):751–6. См. также Hardy R et al., “Adrenal gland and bone.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 503, no. 1 (November 2010):137–45.

156 Даже в краткосрочной перспективе: Bilanin JE et al., “Lower vetebral bone density in male long distance runners.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, no. 1 (February 1989):66–70.

157 Согласно «Psychology Today»: “Vitamin C: Stress Buster.” Psychology Today. April 25, 2003.

157 согласно исследованиям Университета Мэриленда: Oz M, “Dr. Oz’s Cure for Stubborn Belly Fat.” First for Women, March 14, 2011, 32–37.

157 Исследдователи доказали, что ДГК: Hamazaki T, “The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 97, no. 4 (1996):1129–33.

157 Ученые верят, что прием добавок омега-3-жирных кислот: Delarue J et al., “Fish Oil prevents the adrenal activation elicited by mental stress in healthy men.” Diabetes and Metabolism 29, no. 3 (June 2003):289–95.

157 Исследования также показали, что омега-3-жирные кислоты: Noreen E et al., “Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 7 (October 2010):31.

160 В 2017 году: Swanson CM et al., “Bone Turnover markers after sleep restriction and circadian disruption: a mechanism for sleep-related bone loss in humans.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102, no. 10 (October 2017):3722–30.

160 Помните, что кортизол: Chiodini I et al., “[Role of cortisol hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis].” Recenti Progressi in Medicina 99, no. 6 (June2008):309–13. [Статья на итальянском.] См. также Heshmati HM et al., “Effects of the circadian variation in serum cortisol on markers of bone turnover and calcium homeostasis in normal postmenopausal women.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, no. 3 (March 1998):751–6; Hardy R et al., “Adrenal gland and bone.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 503, no. 1 (November 2010):137–45.

160 Исследование сделало вывод: Fu X et al., “Association between sleep duration and bone mineral density in Chinese women.” Bone 49, no. 5 (November 2011):1062–6.

161 Другие недавние исследования: Chen YL et al., “Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of osteoporosis: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99, no. 7 (July 2014):2441–7. См. также Sivertsen B et al., “Insomnia as a risk factor for ill health: results from the large population-based prospective HUNT study in Norway.” Journal of Sleep Research 23, no. 2 (April 2014):124–32.

161 Исследование Джона Хопкинса: Alberg AJ et al., “Household Exposure to Passive Cigarette Smoking and Serum Micronutrient Concentrations.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, no. 6 (December 2000):1576–82.

162 Согласно ВОЗ: World Health Organization. www.who.int/mediacentre/news /releases/2014/air-pollution/en. 134 Studies show that supplementation of antioxidants: Zhong J et al., “B-vitamin Supplementation mitigates effects of fine particles on cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation: a pilot human intervention trial.” Scientific Reports 7 (April 2017):45322.

163 Недавнее исследование, опубликованное в журнале «Lancet»: Prada D et al., “Association of air particulate pollution with bone loss over time and bone fracture risk: analysis of data from two independent studies.” Lancet Planetary Health 8 (November 2017):e337–47.

163 Примерно 9,320 человек: American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2018. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2018.

164 научно связано с: Vimaleswaran KS et al., “Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: Bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts.” PLoS Medicine 10, no. 2 (2013):e1001383.

164 Наиболее подвержены риску: Harvard School of Public Health. www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-d-deficiency-risk.

165 Доктор Элизабет Плурд: Plourde E, “Sunscreens cause cancer instead of protect you from it!” Video. ihealthtube.com/video/sunscreens-cause-cancer-instead – protect-you-it.

165 Согласно ВОЗ: World Health Organization. www.who.int/peh-emf/about /WhatisEMF/en.

166 Мартин Полл, PhD: Pall ML, “Scientific evidence contradicts findings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic field action.” Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 2 (2015):99–116. См. также Pall ML, “How to Approach the challenge of minimizing non-thermal health effects of microwave radiation from electrical devices.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 2, no. 5 (September 2015). Pall ML, “Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects.” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 17, no. 8 (August 2013):958–65; Pall, ML, “Electromagnetic fields act similarly in plants as in animals: probable activation of calcium channels via their voltage sensor.” Current Chemical Biology 10, no. 1 (July 2016):74–82; Pall ML, “Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression.” Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75, pt. B (September 2016):43–51.

167 носите смартфон в кармане: Saraví FD, “Asymmetries in hip mineralization in mobile cellular phone users.” Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 22, no. 2 (March 2011):706–10.

167 может вырасти в 20-100 раз: Maughan RJ et al., “Role of micronutrients in sport and physical activity.” British Medical Bulletin 55, no. 3 (1999):683–90.

167 те, кто тренируется менее четырех часов в неделю: Mierlo CA et al., “Weight Management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 27, no. 5 (May 2003):537–49.

167 данные, представленные на встрече 2013 года: Klempel et al., “Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women.” Nutrition Journal 11 (November 2012):98.

168 цинк и магний также могут истощаться: D. Jakubowicz et al., “Incretin, Insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of whey protein pre-load in type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.” Diabetologia 57, no. 9 (September 2014):1807–11.

168 Исследование USDA показывает: Nielsen FH et al., “Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise.” Magnesium Research 19, no. 3 (September 2006):180–9.

169 Поэтому астронавты: NASA. nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research /experiments/118.html.

169 Исследование 2015 года: Hunte B et al., “Axial bone osteogenic loading-type resistance therapy showing BMD and functional bone performance musculoskeletal adaptation over 24 weeks with postmenopausal female subjects.” Journal of Osteoporosis and Physical Activity 3 (2015):146.

170 Ученые в Великобритании: Deer K et al., “Habitual Levels of high, but not moderate or low impact activity are positively related to hip BMD and geometry: results from a population-based study of adolescents.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 27, no. 9 (September 2012):1887–95.

170 Эту нагрузку можно увеличить почти вдвое: Hunte B et al., “Axial bone osteogenic loading-type resistance therapy showing BMD and functional bone performance musculoskeletal adaptation over 24 weeks with postmenopausal female subjects.” Journal of Osteoporosis and Physical Activity 3 (2015):146.

170 Хотя йога и пилатес: Smith EN et al., “Yoga, vertebral fractures, and osteoporosis: research and recommendations.” International Journal of Yoga Therapy 23, no. 1 (2013):17–23.

171 Отчет CDC: Gu Q, et al., “Prescription drug use continues to increase: US prescription drug data for 2007–2008.” NCHS Data Brief 42. September 2010.

171 передозировка рецептурных препаратов: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers– United States, 1999–2008.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60, no. 43 (November 2011):1487–92.

171 средний житель Великобритании: “Prescriptions dispensed in the community– statistics for England, 2002–2012.” National Health Service. July 2013.

171 две трети австралийцев старше шестидесяти лет: Elliott RA, “Problems with medication use in the elderly: an Australian perspective.” Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 36, no. 1 (2006).

172 Они мешают формированию кости: Davidge Pitts CJ et al., “Update on medications with adverse skeletal effects.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86, no. 4 (2011):338–43.

173 исследования показали, что в первый год: Davidge Pitts CJ et al., “Update on medications with adverse skeletal effects.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86, no. 4 (April 2011):338–43; Mazziotti G et al., “Drug-induced osteoporosis: mechanisms and clinical implications.” American Journal of Medicine 123, no. 10 (October 2010):877–84.

173 они подавляют выработку дофамина: Damsa C et al., “Dopamine-dependent side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a clinical review.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, no. 8 (August 2004):1064–8.

173 вызывают хронически повышенный уровень: Bushe C et al., “Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a naturalistic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 21, no. 7 (September 2007):768–73.

174 повышенный риск остеопороза: Bolton JM et al., “Risk of low bone mineral density associated with psychotropic medications and mental disorders in postmenopausal women.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (February 2011):56–60.

174 остеопоротические переломы: Bolton JM et al., “Fracture risk from psychotropic medications: a population-based analysis.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 4 (August 2008):384–91.

174 Два других антидепрессанта: Rauma PH et al., “Effects of antidepressants on postmenopausal bone loss – A 5-year longitudinal study from the OSTPRE cohort.” Bone 89 (August 2016):25–31.

174 Исследования показывают, что эти лекарства могут разрушать: Penn State Hershey. pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107πd=33&gid=000176. См. также “Preventing Pharmaceutical-Induced Nutritional Deficiencies.” Life Extension Magazine. March 2006. lifeextension.com/magazine/2006/3/report_drugs /page-01.

175 Многие исследования оценивают прием ИПП: Lau Y et al., “Fracture risk and bone mineral density reduction associated with proton pump inhibitors.” Pharmacotherapy 32(2012):67–79.

175 Кратковременный прием ИПП: Yang Y et al., “Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture.” JAMA 296(2006):2947–53. См. также Corley D et al., “Proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are associated with hip fractures among at-risk patients.” Gastroenterology 139 (2010): 93–101; Roux C et al., “Increase in vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women using omeprazole.” Calcified Tissue International 84(2009):13–19.

175 Изжога почти всегда вызвана: English J, “Gastric balance: heartburn not always caused by excess acid.” Nutrition Review. November 25, 2018. nutrition review.org/2018/11/gastric-balance-heartburn-caused-excess-acid.

179 Таблица 5.2: Разрушает микронутриенты: Pelton R, ed. Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion Handbook, 2nd ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, 2001. См. также Pelton R, ed. The Nutritional Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2nd ed. Englewood, CO: Morton, 2004; Vaglini F, ed. The Side Effects Bible: The Dietary Solution to Unwanted Side Effects of Common Medications. New York: Broadway Books, 2005.

Глава 6: Умные добавки

192 Доктор Лёбенберг руководил исследованием: Löbenberg R et al., “Investigation of vitamin and mineral tablets and capsules on the Canadian market.” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 1 (2006):40–9.

193 Согласно национальному опросу: Harris Interactive Inc. “Pill-Swallowing Problems in America: A National Survey of Adults.” New York, NY: Harris Interactive Inc. for Schwarz Pharma; (2003); 1–39.

195 Недобросовестные производители: Kobylewsk S, Jacobson M. Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2010.

198 “избыток витамина A”: The NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/nutrition/vitamin-and-bone-health.

200 “Вы хотите дать вашему телу”: “Dr. Oz’s ultimate anti-aging checklist.” doctoroz.com/article/dr-ozs-ultimate-anti-aging-checklist.

201 Исследование, опубликованное в Американском журнале эпидемиологии: Botto LD et al., “5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Variants and Congenital Anomalies: A Huge Review.” American Journal of Epidemiology 151, no. 9: (May 2000): 862–77.

202 Таблица 6.3: Tang G, “Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 5 (May 2010):1468S– 73S. См. также Botto LD et al., “5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: a huge review.” American Journal of Epidemiology 151, no. 9 (May 2000):862–77; Heaney RP, “Phosphate and carbonate salts of calcium support robust bone building in osteoporosis.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92, no. 1(2010):101–5; Iwamoto T et al., “Combined treatment with vitamin K2 and bisphosphonate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.” Yonsei Medical Journal 44, no. 5 (2003): 751–56; Serbinova E et al., “Free Radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol.” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10, no. 5 (1991):263–75; Willner P et al., “Depression Increases “craving” for sweet rewards in animal and human models of depression and craving.” Psychopharmacology 136, no. 3 (April 1998):272– 83; Linus Pauling Institute. lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitamin; MedlinePlus. nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/924.html; National Institutes of Health. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional; “Most multivitamin extras don’t add up.” Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter, February 1, 2010; Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, vol. 35. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2001, 1678–82.

207 Таблица 6.3: Медь: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. pcrm.org/health – topics/alzheimers. См. также Main E, “Is there too much copper in your multivitamin?” Rodalenews.com. August 25, 2013. prevention.com/health/memory/a20457994/too-much-copper-in-your-multivitamin/.

212 многочисленные рецензируемые научные исследования: Tyssandier V et al., “Vegetableborne lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene compete for incorporation into chylomicrons, with no adverse effect on the medium-term (3-wk) plasma status of carotenoids in humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75, no. 3 (March 2002):526–34. See also Leena M et al., “Selenium iron interaction in young women with low selenium status.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2, no. 1 (February 1989):39–42; Micozzi MS et al., “Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and beta-carotene supplements in men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 6 (June 1992):1120–5; Watts DL, “Nutrient interrelationships: minerals– vitamins – endocrines.” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 5, no. 1 (1990):11–19.

214 Микронутриенты, конкурирующие с кальцием: Watts DL, “Nutrient interrelationships: minerals – vitamins – endocrines.” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 5, no. 1 (1990):11–19.

214 Кальций может создавать хелатные связи с рибофлавином: Gaby A. Nutritional Medicine. Concord, NH: Perlberg, 2011.

214 Медь делит путь всасывания: Bland JS, ed. Clinical Nutrition: A Functional Approach. Federal Way, WA: Institute For Functional Medicine, 2004, 173.

214 Кальций может замедлять всасывание: Bendich A, “Calcium supplementation and iron status of females.” Nutrition 17, no. 1 (January 2001):46–51. См. также Sandström B et al., “Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability.” British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 2 suppl. (May 2001):S181–5.

214 Кальций и магний конкурируют за всасывание: Hendrix ZJ et al., “Competition between calcium, strontium, and magnesium for absorption in the isolated rat intestine.” Clinical Chemistry 12 (December 1963):734–44. См. также Alcock N et al., “Inter-relation of calcium and magnesium absorption.” Clinical Science 22 (April 1962):185–93; De Swart PM et al., “The interrelationship of calcium and magnesium absorption in idiopathic hypercalciuria and renal calcium stone disease.” Journal of Urology 159, no. 56 (May 1998):1650; Giles MM et al., “Magnesium metabolism in preterm infants: effects of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and of postnatal and gestational age.” Journal of Pediatrics 117, no. 1, part 1 (July 1990):147– 54; Gaby A. Nutritional Medicine. Concord, NH: Perlberg, 2011; PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale, NJ: Physicians’ Desk Reference, 2001, 575; Consumer Lab. consumerlab.com/answers/is-it-important-to-take-calcium-and-magnesium – together/calcium_with_magnesium.

214 Уровень кальция может незначительно снижаться: Davidsson L et al., “The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 6 (December 1991):1065–70. См. также Lutz TA et al., “Effects of calcium and sugars on intestinal manganese absorption.” Biological Trace Element Research 39, no. 2–3 (November – December 1993):221–7.

214 Высокое потребление натрия: Pan W et al., “The epithelial sodium/proton exchanger, NHE3, is necessary for renal and intestinal calcium (re)absorption.” American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 8 (April 2012): F943–56.

215 Большие дозы кальция могут подавлять: Argiratos V et al., “The effect of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate on the absorption of zinc in healthy female subjects.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, no. 3 (March 1994):198–204. См. также Jayalakshmi S et al., “Compromised zinc status of experimental rats as a consequence of prolonged iron and calcium supplementation.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 143, no. 2 (February 2016):238–44; Spencer H et al., “Effect of zinc supplements on the intestinal absorption of calcium.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 6, no. 1 (February 1987): 47–51.

215 Избыток жирорастворимых витаминов: Goncalves A et al., “Fatsoluble vitamin intestinal absorption: absorption sites in the intestine and interactions for absorption.” Food Chemistry 172 (April 2015):155–60.

215 Большие дозы B9: Dickinson CJ et al., “Does folic acid harm people with vitamin B12 deficiency?” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 88, no. 5 (May 1995):357–64.

215 Когда витамин С: Shrimpton DH, “Nutritional implications of micronutrient interactions.” Chemist and Druggist 15 (2004):38–41. См. также Kondo H et al., “Presence and formation of cobalamin analogues in multivitamin-mineral pills.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 70, no. 4 (October 1982):889–98; Gaby A. Nutritional Medicine. Concord, NH: Perlberg, 2011.

215 Ионы кобальта: Ahmad I et al., “Effect of Riboflavin on the Photolysis of Cyanocobolamin in Aqueous Solution” The Open Analytical Chemistry Journal. 6 (2012):22–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137421/#R15

215 Добавки калия: Cox L, “Vitamin B12: deficiency and supplements.” LiveScience. June 21, 2017. livescience.com/47398-vitamin-b12-deficiency – supplements.html.

215 Железо может связываться с витамином E: Omara FO et al., “Vitamin E is protective against iron toxicity and iron-induced hepatic vitamin E depletion in mice.” Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 10 (October 1993):1649–55. См. также Gaby A. Nutritional Medicine. Concord, NH: Perlberg, 2011.

216 Кальций может подавлять всасывание: Whiting SJ, “The inhibitory effect of dietary calcium on iron bioavailability: a cause for concern?” Nutritional Review 53, no. 3 (March 1995):77–80. См. также Pallarés I et al., “Effects of iron replenishment on iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism in iron-deficient rats.” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 66, no. 2 (1996):158–65.

216 Хром может конкурировать: Quarles CD et al., “Competitive binding of Fe3+, Cr3+ and Ni2+ to transferrin.” Journal of Biological and Inorganic Chemistry 16, no. 6 (August 2011):913–21.

216 Железо подавляет всасывание: Arredondo M et al., “Inhibition of iron and copper uptake by iron, copper and zinc.” Biological Research 39, no. 1 (2006):95–102. См. также Storey ML et al., “Iron, zinc and copper interactions: Chronic versus acute response of rats.” Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 8 (August 1987):1434–42.

216 Высокий уровень железа или марганца: Rossander-Hulten L et al., “Competitive inhibition of iron absorption by manganese and zinc in humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 1 (July 1991):152–6.