Текст книги "Реформация. Полная история протестантизма"

69. Сравните комментарии в кн.: Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 111, 113, 122–123.

70. T. F. Mayer,‘«Heretics be not in all things heretics»: Cardinal Pole, his circle, and the potential for toleration’, in J. C. Laursen and C. J. Nederman (eds), Beyond the Persecuting Society: religious toleration before the Enlightenment (Philadelphia, 1998), с. 107–124 [110–111].

71. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 130–131, 135.

72. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 167, 183.

73. U. Borkowska, ‘The funeral ceremonies of the Polish kings from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries’, JEH 36 (1985), 513–534 [519].

74. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 101.

75. Williams, Radical Reformation, с. 622–624, 647–648.

76. E. Read, Catherine Duchess of Suffolk: a Portrait (London, 1962), с. 121–129.

77. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 106–108; еще одно подробное повествование: Chadwick, Early Reformation, с. 311–314.

78. F. M. Higman, Piety and the People: religious printing in French, 1511–1551 (Aldershot, 1996), с. 5, 17.

79. J. Wright, ‘Marian exiles and the legitimacy of flight from persecution’, JEH 52 (2001), 220–243.

80. K. J. Lualdi, ‘A body of beliefs and believers: sacramental confession and parish worship in Reformation France’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 134–151 [148].

6. Отвергнутое воссоединение. 1547–1570

1. W. Eberhard, in Pettegree (ed.), Early Reformation, с. 34–36, 42–43, 47.

2. V. H. Drecoll, Der Passauer Vertrag (1552). Einleitung und Edition (Berlin, 2000). О связи Пассау с Эдиктом о реституции от 1629 года, см.: гл. 11, с. 562.

3. MacCulloch, Cranmer, с. 500–503, 518–520.

4. H. O. Evenett, ‘The manuscripts of the Vargas-Granvelle correspondence’, JEH 11 (1960), 219–224.

5. B. McClung Hallman, Italian cardinals, Reform, and the Church as Property (Berkeley, 1985), с. 153–154.

6. J. Tazbir, A State Without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1973), с. 119.

7. C. Black, ‘Perugia and post-Tridentine church reform’, JEH 35 (1984), 429–451, [450].

8. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 52.

9. D. Fenlon, ‘The origins of modern Catholicism’, JEH 43 (1992), 102–109 [104].

10. D. A. Bellenger and S. Fletcher, Princes of the Church: A History of the English Cardinals (Stroud, 2001), с. 81.

11. MacCulloch, Cranmer, с. 597–605.

12. T. M. McCoog, ‘Ignatius Loyola and Reginald Pole: a reconsideration’, JEH 47 (1996), 257–273.

13. См. условия в кн.: G. Bray (ed.), The Anglican Canons 1529–1947 (Church of England Record Society 6, 1998), с. 68–162, at 91, 95, 127–129.

14. Лондон, Библиотека Ламбетского дворца, MS 751, с. 142: сессии 16-й Конвокации, 20 декабря 1555 года.

15. Brian Murdoch, Cornish Literature (Cambridge, 1993), гл. 6. Я в долгу перед доктором Дж. Купером за эту отсылку.

16. W. Wizeman, ‘Recalled to life: the theology and spirituality of Mary Tudor’s Church’, неопубликованные тезисы диссертации на соискание степени доктора философии, Оксфорд, 2002, с. 281–292; E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven and London, 1992), гл. 16.

17. J. C. Gray, ‘The origins of the word Huguenot’, SCJ 14 (1983), 349–359.

18. Лучшее повествование: D. Starkey, Elizabeth (London, 2001).

19. K. Sharpe, ‘Representations and negotiations: texts, images and authority in early modern England’, HJ 42 (1999), 853–881 [870].

20. J. M. Richards, ‘The English accession of James VI: “National” identity, gender and the personal monarchy of England’, EHR 118 (2002), 513–535 [533].

21. N. Jones, Faith by Statute: Parliament and the Settlement of Religion 1559 (London, 1982), гл. 5.

22. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, с. 191–192.

23. Ibid., с. 185–191.

24. D. Crankshaw, ‘Preparations for the Canterbury Provincial Convocation of 1562–1563: a question of attribution’, in S. Wabuda and C. Litzenberger (eds), Belief and Practice in Reformation England (Aldershot, 1998), с. 60–93; G. R. Elton, The Parliament of England 1559–1581 (Cambridge, 1986), с. 199–214.

25. Лучшее повествование, пусть и не биографическое: R. A. Mason (ed.), John Knox and the British Reformations (Aldershot, 1998).

26. J. E. A. Dawson, ‘The two John Knoxes: England, Scotland and the 1558 tracts’, JEH 42 (1991), 555–576 [557].

27. MacCulloch, Cranmer, с. 622; D. MacCulloch, ‘The importance of Jan Łaski in the English Reformation’ in C. Strohm (ed.), Johannes à Lasco: Polnischer Baron, Humanist und europäischer Reformator (Tübingen, 2000), с. 325–346 [342–343].

28. Chadwick, Early Reformation, с. 144.

29. Z. V. David, ‘The strange fate of Czech Utraquism: the second century, 1517–1621’, JEH 46 (1995), 641–668 [654–655]. Об эрцгерцоге Фердинанде и Тироле я очень многое узнал из дискуссий с доктором Майклом Чисхольмом; мы с нетерпением ждем его оксфордскую диссертацию: ‘Tyrol and the origins of the Habsburg Counter-Reformation, 1550–1565’.

30. E. Rummel, The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany (Oxford, 2000), с. 144–149.

31. H. Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna (Cambridge, 1997).

32. R. Taylor, ‘Architecture and magic: considerations of the Idea of the Escorial’, in D. Fraser, H. Hibbard and M. J. Levine (eds), Essays in the History of Architecture presented to Rudolf Wittkower (London, 1967), с. 81–109 [89–97].

33. A. G. Kinder in Pettegree (ed.), Early Reformation, с. 225–229, 234.

34. R. W. Truman (ed.), Felipe de la Torre: Institucíon de un rey christiano (Antwerp 1556) (Exeter, 1979).

35. H. E. Rawlings, ‘The secularisation of Castilian episcopal office under the Habsburgs, c. 1516–1700’, JEH 38 (1987), 53–79 [64].

36. E. García Hernán, Francisco de Borja, grande de España (Valencia, 1999), особ. с. 165–175, 179–181.

37. P. Salazar de Mendoza, Vida y sucesos prosperos y adversos de don Fr. B. de Carranza y Miranda, arzobispo de Toledo (Madrid, 1788), sig. A 4rv. О сравнении Борромео: J. I. Tellechea Idigoras, Bartolomé Carranza de Miranda, Comentarios sobre el Catechismo christiano (2 vols, Madrid, 1972), i, с. 31. Я в долгу перед доктором Р. Трумэном за знакомство с этими источниками. О Борромео, см.: гл. 9, с. 471–476.

38. Naphy (ed.), Documents, с. 128.

39. T. Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève: des fidèles entre deux chaires en France au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1997); S. Carroll, ‘The compromise of Charles Cardinal de Lorraine: new evidence’, JEH 54 (2003), 469–483.

40. Naphy (ed.), Documents, с. 78.

41. W. MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime: Elizabethan politics 1558–1572 (London, 1969), с. 78–81.

42. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 53.

43. Carroll, ‘The compromise of Charles Cardinal de Lorraine’.

44. Совершенно противоположные повествования об этом инциденте, см.: D. Potter (ed.), The French Wars of Religion (Basingstoke, 1997), с. 47–49.

45. S. Broomhall, ‘“In my opinion”: Charlotte de Minut and female political discussion in print in 16^th century France’, SCJ 31 (2000), 25–45 [44].

46. R. J. Knecht, Catherine de’ Medici (London, 1998), с. 114–115, 121–122, 126–127.

47. В этом рассуждении я многое почерпнул из публикации: A. Pettegree, Huguenot Voices: the book and the communication process during the Protestant Reformation (Greenville, NC, 1999). См. также: Pettegree (ed.), Reformation World, с. 120–126.

48. Примеры насилия со стороны католиков, см.: Potter (ed.), French Wars of Religion, с. 53–55, 57, также обсуждение в кн.: N. Davies, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, 1975), с. 152–187.

49. Сравните замечания герцога Аластера: J. Decavele, De dageraad van de reformatie in Vlaanderen (1520–1565), JEH 28 (1977), 422–424.

50. A. Pettegree, ‘The exile churches and the Churches “under the Cross”: Antwerp and Emden during the Dutch Revolt’, JEH 38 (1987), 187–209 [196–197]; Pettegree (ed.), Early Reformation, с. 147.

51. Naphy, Documents, с. 81.

52. Pettegree, ‘Antwerp and Emden’, 191–193.

53. R. W. Truman and A. Gordon Kinder, ‘The pursuit of Spanish heretics in the Low Countries: the activities of Alonso del Canto, 1561–1564’, JEH 30 (1979), 65–94.

54. «Штатгальтер» – слово, смысл которого не так просто передать. Оно указывает на то, что обладатель титула получил свою власть от другого властелина, и этимологически восходит к тем же корням, что и слово «лейтенант»; его можно было бы перевести как «наместник».

55. Pettegree, ‘Antwerp and Emden’, 200.

56. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 152.

7. Облик новой Европы. 1569–1572

1. Для сравнения: R. Peter (ed.), Bibliotheca Calviniana: les oeuvres de Jean Calvin publiées au XVI siècle. 3. Ecrits théologiques, littéraires et juridiques 1565–1600 (Geneva, 2000), с. 667–668.

2. K. Benda and L. Tardy (eds), Pierre Lescalopier Utazása Erdálybe [1574] (Budapest, 1982), с. 64, в описании Нойштадта (сейчас это Кристиан в Румынии) я в долгу перед Марией Крачун, указавшей мне на эту отсылку.

3. Об одном из важных французских инакомыслящих, Жане Морели, см.: P. Denis and J. Rott (eds), Jean Morély (ca 1524 – ca 1594) et l’utopie d’une démocratie ecclésiastique (Geneva, 1993).

4. R. Johnston in A. Pettegree (ed.), The Reformation of the Parishes: the Ministry and the Reformation in Town and Country (Manchester, 1993), с. 226.

5. Eisenstein, Printing Revolution, с. 82. Для сравнения: G. Parker, ‘The place of Tudor England in the messianic vision of Philip II of Spain’, TRHS 6^th series 12 (2002), с. 167–222 [176].

6. J. H. M. Salmon, ‘Clovis and Constantine: the uses of history in 16^th century Gallicanism’, JEH 41 (1990), 584–605 [596].

7. O’Malley, First Jesuits, с. 274–275, 278.

8. O. Grell, A. Cunningham and J. Arrizabalaga (eds), Health Care and Poor Relief in Counter-Reformation Europe (London, 1999): особенно см. вступление от редакторов и описание конкретных случаев.

9. D. MacCulIoch and P. Hughes, ‘A Bailiff’s list and Chronicle from Worcester’, Antiquaries Journal 75 (1995), с. 235–253 [248].

10. M. Bent, ‘Memento mei: polyphonic music in some 15^th century commemorations for the dead’, неопубликованное исследование.

11. Illustrated in C. Valone, ‘The art of hearing: sermons and images in the chapel of Lucrezia della Rovere’, SCJ 31 (2000), 753–777 [764].

12. R. Johnston, ‘The implementation of Tridentine reform: the Passau Official and the parish clergy in Lower Austria, 1563–1637’, in A. Pettegree (ed.), The Reformation of the Parishes: the ministry and the Reformation in town and country (Manchester, 1993), с. 215–238 [229].

13. J. Bottin, Seigneurs et paysans dans l’ouest du pays de Caux, 1540–1640 (Paris, 1983), с. 269–271.

14. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 27.

15. D. Gentilcore,’ “Adapt yourselves to the People’s capabilities”: missionary strategies, methods and impact in the Kingdom of Naples, 1600–1800’, JEH 45 (1994), 269–295 [287–288].

16. Для сравнения: H. Kamen, The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation (New Haven and London, 1993), с. 149.

17. J. Craigie (ed.), The Poems of James VI of Scotland (2 vols, Scottish Text Society 22, 26, 1948, 1952), i, pp. xlviii – lxii, 197–259, 268–289.

18. J. Wormald, Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470–1625 (Edinburgh, 1981), с. 145–146.

19. Личная беседа: Оуэн Чедвик.

20. Pettegree (ed.), Reformation World, с. 264–266, 269–271.

21. O. Grell, ‘Exile and Tolerance’, in Grell and Scribner (eds), Tolerance in the Reformation, с. 164–181 [174–179].

22. M. P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion (Cambridge, 1995), с. 94.

23. P. Marshall, ‘The other Black legend: the Henrician Reformation and the Spanish people’, EHR 106 (2001), 31–49 [39].

24. B. B. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in 16^th century Paris (New York and Oxford, 1991), с. 91.

25. S. Carroll, ‘The compromise of Charles Cardinal de Lorraine: new evidence’, JEH 54 (2003), 469–483 [480].

26. S. Carroll, Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: the Guise affinity and the Catholic cause in Normandy (Cambridge, 1998).

27. Об именах: P. Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge, 1981), с. 104–106, 149–150, 256–260. О свадебных обычаях: P. Benedict, The Faith and Fortune of France’s Huguenots, 1600–1685 (Aldershot, 2001), с. 97–103, и гл. 16, с. 734.

28. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 183.

29. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 102, 110; Davies, God’s Playground, с. 167.

30. Ibid., с. 375.

31. Ibid., с. 183.

32. Williams, Radical Reformation, с. 737, с незначительными изменениями.

33. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 413–425.

34. W. Keatinge Clay (ed.), Private Prayers put forth by authority during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (PS, 1851), с. 463–464.

8. Север: сердце протестантизма

1. R. W. Scribner, ‘Incombustible Luther: the image of the Reformer in early modern Germany’, PP 110 (Feb. 1986), 38–68, перепечатано в издании: Scribner, Popular culture and Popular Movements in Germany (London and Ronceverte, 1987), с. 323–353.

2. E. Wolgast, Die Wittenberger Luther-Ausgabe: zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der Werke Luthers im 16. Jahrhundert (Nieuwkoop, 1971).

3. R. Kolb, Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, Hero: images of the Reformer 1520–1620 (Grand Rapids, 1999), с. 53; восхваления Лютера от других гнесиолютеран: гл. 2.

4. P. M. Soergel, ‘The afterlives of monstrous infants in Reformation Germany’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 288–308 [292–293].

5. О Цвингли в 1526 году см. напр.: G. W. Bromily (ed.), Zwingli and Bullinger (Philadelphia, Library of Christian Classics 24, 1953), с. 218–222. О Кальвине см. выше, гл. 5.

6. K. Jensen, ‘Protestant rivalry: metaphysics and rhetoric in Germany c. 1590–1620’, JEH 41 (1990), 24–43 [24–25, 30].

7. S. Karant-Nunn, The Reformation of Ritual: an interpretation of early modern Germany (London and New York, 1997), с. 118–124; H. Hoston, ‘Irenicism and dogmatics in the Confessional age: Pareus and Comenius in Heidelberg, 1614’, JEH 46 (1995), 432–456 [448–449].

8. J. Bossy, ‘The German Reformation after Moeller’, JEH 45 (1994), 673–684 [679].

9. Примеры: Chadwick, Early Reformation, с. 168–169.

10. Содержательное повествование о Фридрихе: Chadwick, Early Reformation, с. 118–119.

11. C. J. Burchill, ‘Zacharias Ursinus and the Reformation in Heidelberg’, JEH 37 (1986), 565–583 [578–579]. Достойное обсуждение, см.: L. D. Bierma, The doctrine of the sacraments in the Heidelberg Catechism: Melanchthonian, Calvinist, or Zwinglian? (Studies in Reformed Theology and History new series 4, 1999).

12. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 48. О сокращении населения Женевы: Cottret, Calvin, с. 160.

13. Burchill, ‘Ursinus and the Reformation in Heidelberg’, 573–574.

14. T. Johnson, ‘Holy fabrications: the catacomb saints and the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria’, JEH 47 (1996), 274–297 [285].

15. B. Nischan, ‘The Second Reformation in Bradenburg: aims and goals’, SCJ 14 (1983), 173–187 [186].

16. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 84–85; также перечисление подобных случаев начиная от Амберга.

17. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 187–188. Два других сложных случая: J. Tazbir, A State Without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1973), с. 118–119.

18. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 123.

19. Naphy, Documents, с. 105–109, дебаты Синода в Ивье, 1568.

20. G. W. Searle, The Counter Reformation (London, 1974), с. 146.

21. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 168. Об этой эпохе, см.: D. Toilet, ‘Cohabitation, concurrence et conversion dans la Confédération polono-lithuanienne au tournant des XVIe et XVIIe siècles’, in E. Andor and I. G. Tóth (eds), Frontiers of Faith: religious exchange and the constitution of religious identities 1400–1750 (Budapest, 2001), с. 67–78.

22. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 170–171; Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 111–112, 142–149.

23. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 111–112.

24. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 340–343, 357–360.

25. B. A. Gudziak, Crisis and Reform: the Kyivan metropolitanate, the patriarchate of Constantinople, and the genesis of the Union of Brest (Cambridge MA, 1998).

26. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 117–118; Davies, God’s Playground, с. 172–177.

27. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 81, 133, 146–147.

28. Kłoczowski, Polish Christianity, с. 106; Davies, God’s Playground, с. 162.

29. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 151–152.

30. A. Musteikis, The Reformation in Lithuania: religious fluctuations in the sixteenth century (New York, 1988), с. 57.

31. J. Bossy, ‘The German Reformation after Moeller’, JEH 45 (1994), 673–684 [681].

32. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 433–437; Pettegree (ed.), Reformation World, с. 273–274.

33. P. Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands 1555–1609 (London, 2^nd edn. 1958), с. 233.

34. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 205, 243.

35. A. Duke, ‘The ambivalent face of Calvinism in the Netherlands 1561–1618’, in M. Prestwich (ed.), International Calvinism 1541–1715 (Oxford, 1985), с. 109–134 [127]; для сравнения: Geyl, Revolt of the Netherlands, с. 138–139, 171.

36. S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: an interpretation of Dutch culture in the golden age (New York, 1987), с. 59.

37. Geyl, Revolt of the Netherlands, с. 203–215.

38. B. J. Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines: confession and community in Utrecht, 1578–1620 (Oxford, 1995), с. 73–75, 157–161, 172–175.

39. C. Kooi, Liberty and Religion: Church and state in Leiden’s Reformation, 1572–1620 (Leiden, 2000), с. 108.

40. Schama, Embarrassment of Riches, с. 60, 115–121.

41. C. H. Parker, ‘The moral agency and moral autonomy of church folk in the Dutch Reformed Church of Delft’, JEH 48 (1997), 44–70 [59–60].

42. Цифры приведены по источнику: James D. Tracy, обзор: W. Bergsma, Tussen Gideonsbende en publieke kerk: een studie over gereformeerd Protestantisme in Friesland, 1580–1610 (Hilversum, 1999), in SCJ 32 (2001), 892. Для Северных Нидерландов назывались настолько высокие цифры, как 20–30 %; для сравнения: S. Haude, в кн.: Pettegree (ed.), Reformation World, с. 248.

43. D. Colas, Civil Society and Fanaticism: conjoined histories (Stanford, 1997), с. 183.

44. D. C. Steinmetz, Reformers in the Wings: from Geiler von Kaysersberg to Theodore Beza, 2^nd edn (Oxford, 2001), с. 117–120.

45. I. Schöffer, Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (Zutphen, 1989).

46. C. Brandt, The Life of James Arminius (London, 1854), с. 89–94.

47. Ibid., с. 147–148.

48. A. W. Harrison, The Beginnings of Arminianism to the Synod of Dort (London, 1926), с. 110.

49. A. R. Macdonald, ‘Ecclesiastical representation in Parliament in post-Reformation Scotland: the two kingdoms theory in practice’, JEH 50 (1999), 38–61.

50. J. P. Dawson, ‘Calvinism and the Gaidhealtached in Scotland’, in A. Pettegree, A. Duke and G. Lewis (eds), Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1620 (Cambridge, 1994), с. 231–253 [240]. О позднем появлении в реформатской Трансильвании завершенной Венгерской Библии (1590), см.: гл. 10.

51. M. Dilworth, The Scots in Franconia: a century of monastic life (Edinburgh, 1974).

52. K. M. Brown, ‘In search of the godly magistrate in Reformation Scotland’, JEH 40 (1989), 553–581 [580]; T. F. McCoog, ‘Tensions: Robert Parsons, William Crichton and the battle for Elizabeth’s succession’, неопубликованное исследование.

53. Об определении пуританства, см.: MacCulloch, Later Reformation, с. 69–78.

54. J. Field and T. Wilcox, An Admonition to the Parliament (1572): W. H. Frere and C. E. Douglas (eds), Puritan Manifestos: a study of the origin of the Puritan revolt (London, 1954), с. 21.

55. О королеве и проповеди: P. McCullough, Sermons at Court: politics and religion in Elizabethan and Jacobean preaching (Cambridge, 1998), гл. 2.

56. P. Collinson, Archbishop Grindal 1519–1583: The Struggle for a Reformed Church (London, 1983), гл. 12–15, особ. с. 242–245.

57. MacCulloch, Later Reformation, с. 38–40.

58. Лучшее повествование: P. Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (London, 1967), особ. гл. 4.

59. D. McCulloch, Suffolk and the Tudors: politics and religion in an English county 1500–1600 (Oxford, 1986), с. 211–212, 335, 339; Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, с. 278.

60. J. Woodward, The Theatre of Death: the ritual management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625 (Woodbridge, 1997), с. 74–76.

61. P. Collinson, ‘The Elizabethan Exclusion Crisis and the Elizabethan polity’, Proceedings of the British Academy 84 (1994), 51–92 [60]; Collinson, ‘The monarchical republic of Queen Elizabeth I’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 69 (1987), 394–424, перепечатано в кн.: Collinson, Elizabethan Essays (London, 1994), с. 31–57.

62. S. Doran, ‘Juno versus Diana: the treatment of Elizabeth I’s marriage in plays and entertainments, 1561–1581’, HJ 38 (1995), 257–273.

63. Oh read over D. John Bridges: The Epistle to the terrible priests of the Convocation House (East Molesey, 1588, RSTC 17453), с. 30; Oh read over D. John Bridges: the epitome (Fawsley, 1588; RSTC 17454), sig. D2rv. Личность Марпрелата остается неясной: L. H. Carlson, Martin Marprelate, Gentleman: Master Job Throckmorton Laid Open in his Colors (San Marino, CA, 1981), казалось, что загадка решена, но см.: P. Collinson in J. Guy (ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I: court and culture in the last decade (Cambridge, 1995), с. 157–158.

64. Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, op. cit., с. 403–431; A. Walsham, ‘“Frantick Hacket”: prophecy, sorcery, insanity and the Elizabethan puritan movement’, HJ 41 (1998), 27–66.

65. P. Lake, Anglicans and Puritans? Presbyterianism and English Conformist Thought from Whitgift to Hooker (London, 1988), с. 239–240.

66. Ср. напр.: P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: religion, politics and society in Kent 1500–1640 (Hassocks, 1977), с. 249–268; D. MacCulloch, Suffolk and the Tudors: politics and religion in an English county 1500–1600 (Oxford, 1986), с. 217–219, 243–252, 274–282.

67. R. T. Kendall, Calvin and English Calvinism to 1649 (Oxford, 1979), с. 52–53.

68. M. H. Prozesky, ‘The emergence of Dutch Pietism’, JEH 28 (1977), 29–37. По всей видимости, термин «дальнейшая Реформация» (nadere Reformatie) создал в 1904 году историк Дж. Кромсигт (J. C. Kromsigt).

69. P. McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (London, 1967), с. 177 (прим.), 255–256; L. McLain, ‘Without church, cathedral or shrine: the search for religious space among Catholics in England, 1559–1625’, SCJ 33 (2002), 381–399 [393].

70. A. Walsham, Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (London, 1993).

71. H. A. Jefferies, ‘The early Tudor Reformations in the Irish Pale’, JEH 52 (2001), 34–62 [60].

72. G. Williams, Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation in Wales c. 1415–1642 (1987), с. 328–329. Для сравнения: M. Stoyle, ‘English “nationalism”, Celtic particularism, and the English Civil War’, HJ 43 (2000), 1113–1128 [1118]; G. Williams, ‘William Morgan’s Bible and the Cambridge Connection’, Welsh Historical Review 14 (1988–1989), 363–379.

73. T. G. Connors, ‘Surviving the Reformation in Ireland (1534–80): Christopher Bodkin, Archbishop of Tuam, and Roland Burke, Bishop of Clonfert’, SCJ 32 (2001), 335–355 [352].

74. B. Millett, ‘Irish literature in Latin, 1550–1700’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds), A New History of Ireland: 3: Early modern Ireland, 1534–1691, 2^nd edn (Oxford, 1991), с. 561–586 [562].

75. B. Bradshaw, ‘Revisionism and the Irish Reformation: a rejoinder’, JEH 51 (2000), 587–591 [588]. P. O. Connell, ‘The early-modern Irish College network in Iberia, 1590–1800’; É. O Ciosáin, ‘A hundred years of Irish migration to France, 1590–1688’, in T. O’Connor (ed.), The Irish in Europe 1580–1815 (Dublin, 2001).

76. Dublin: S. G. Ellis, ‘Economic problems of the Church: why the Reformation failed in Ireland’, JEH 41 (1990), 239–265 [263, прим.] О Килкенни: A. J. Fletcher, Drama and the Performing Arts in pre-Cromwellian Ireland: a repertory of sources and documents from the earliest times until c. 1642 (Woodbridge, 2001), с. 361–365.

77. W. F. Graham, ‘The religion of the first Scottish settlers in Ulster’, in J. Friedman (ed.), Regnum, religio et ratio: essays presented to Robert M. Kingdon (Sixteenth Century essays and studies 8, 1987), с. 53–68 [55–56].

78. О богословии Церкви: A. Ford, The Protestant Reformation in Ireland, 1590–1641 (Dublin, 1997), гл. 8.

79. B. Ó’Cuív, ‘The Irish language in the early modern period’, in Moody, Martin and Byrne (eds), Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691, с. 509–545 [511].

80. Ellis, ‘Economic problems’, op. cit., 261; P. S. Dineen (ed.), An Irish-English dictionary (Dublin, 1927), с. 34, 948.

81. О 1621 годе: сравните обзор Хельги Робинсон-Хаммерштайн (Helga Robinson-Hammerstein) на книгу: Ford, Protestant Reformation in Ireland (edn. Berne, 1985), JEH 37 (1986), 472, и сравните дублинское издание упомянутой книги от 1987 года: Ford, op. cit., с. 201–217. О числе духовенства и иезуитов в Дублине: K. Bottigheimer, ‘The failure of the Reformation in Ireland: Une question bien posée’, JEH 36 (1985), 196–207 [198].

9. Юг: сердце католичества

1. J. Bergin, ‘The Counter-Reformation Church and its bishops’, PP 165 (Nov. 1999), 30–73 [41–42]. C. Black, ‘Perugia and post-Tridentine Church reform’, JEH 35 (1984), 429–451 [431], приводит для Италии немного меньшую цифру – 287 епархий.

2. Цит. по: J. S. Cummins, JEH 45 (1994), 348.

3. S. Ditchfield, ‘Text before trowel: Antonio Bosio’s Roma sotteranea revisited’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Church Retrospective (SCH 33, 1997), с. 343–360.

4. T. Johnson, ‘Holy fabrications: the catacomb saints and the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria’, JEH 47 (1996), 274–297, особ. с. 278–281, также см. гл. 10. Чирчиньяни иногда путают с его учеником Кристофоро Ронкалли, поскольку оба они получили прозвище «Помаранчо». Фрески Чирчиньяни в Английском колледже, ныне утраченные, представлены в кн.: G. B. di Cavallieri, from N. Circignani, Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea sive Sanctorum Martyrum […] passiones (Rome, 1584): см. илл. 12, 13.

5. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 72.

6. B. McClung Hallman, Italian Cardinals, Reform, and the Church as Property (Berkeley, 1985), с. 9–15. О переходе во Францию: M. Völkel, Römische Kardinalshaushalte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Borghese-Barberini-Chigi (Tübingen, 1993), с. 376–380.

7. Hallman, Italian Cardinals, с. 2–3, 164–168.

8. G. Fragnito, La Bibbia al rogo: la censura ecclesiastica e i volgarizzamenti della Scrittura (1471–1605) (Bologna, 1997), с. 330: ‘Non sapete voi come il tanto legger la scrittura guasti la religione Cattolica?’. О контексте, в котором проходил конфликт папы с Венецией, см. ниже, с. 469–471.

9. Fragnito, La Bibbia al rogo, гл. 7, с. 106–107, 198, 326.

10. Pettegree (ed.), Early Reformation, с. 211–212; A. Pastore, Nella Valtellina del tardo cinquecento: fede, cultura, società (Milan, 1975); E. Balmas and G. Zardini (eds), Denys Bouteroue: Discorso breve delle persecuzioni occorse in questo tempo alle Chiese del Marchesato di Saluzzo (1620) (Turin, 1978).

11. U. Rozzo, ‘Italian literature on the Index’, in G. Fragnito (ed.), Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy (Cambridge, 2001), с. 194–222.

12. P. Godman, The Saint as Censor: Robert Bellarmine between Inquisition and Index (Leiden, 2000); L. Balsamo, ‘How to doctor a bibliography: Antonio Possevino’s practice’, in Fragnito (ed.), Church, Censorship and Culture, с. 50–78.

13. Статистика: M. Laven, ‘Sex and celibacy in early modern Venice’, HJ 44 (2001), 865–888 [867]. R. Mackenney, Tradesmen and Traders: the world of the guilds in Venice and Europe, c. 1250 – c. 1650 (London, 1987).

14. J. Woolfson, Padua and the Tudors (Cambridge, 1998), с. 129; о законе, см.: ibid., гл. 2.

15. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 171.

16. N. Malcolm, De Dominis (1560–1624): Venetian, Anglican, ecumenist and relapsed heretic (London, 1984).

17. J. K. Nye, ‘Johannes Uhl on penitence: sermons and prayers of the dean of Rottweil, 1579–1602’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 152–168 [156].

18. J. B. Tomaro, ‘San Carlo Borromeo and the implementation of the Council of Trent’, in J. M. Headley and J. B. Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo: Catholic reform and ecclesiastical politics in the second half of the 16^th century (Washington DC, 1988), с. 67–84 [70].

19. D. Fenlon, ‘The origins of modern Catholicism’, JEH 43 (1992), 102–109 [103–104]. Headley and Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo, предоставляет превосходный ряд различных воззрений на деятельность Борромео в Милане.

20. B. W. Westervelt, ‘The Prodigal Son at Santa Justina: the homily in the Borromean reform of pastoral preaching’, SCJ 32 (2001), 109–125 [111].

21. О том, как впоследствии контролировали исповедников в Неаполе, см.: M. Mancino, Licentia confitendi: selezione e controllo dei confessori a Napoli in età moderna (Rome, 2000).

22. P. F. Grendler, ‘Borromeo and the Schools of Christian Doctrine’, in Headley and Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo, с. 158–171 [165].

23. Nicola M. Sutherland, обзор кн.: Headley and Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo, JEH 40 (1989), 608.

24. E. C. Voelker, ‘Borromeo’s influence on sacred art and architecture’, in Headley and Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo, с. 172–187 [178–179, 185].

25. Bergin, ‘Counter-Reformation Church and its bishops’, op. cit., 46. W. de Boer, ‘The politics of the soul: confession in Counter-Reformation Milan’ in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 124–131; также см.: W. de Boer, The Conquest of the Soul: confession, discipline and social order in Counter-Reformation Milan (Leiden, 2000).

26. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 115, о братствах иезуитов, см. ниже, гл. 14, с. 661.

27. S. Ditchfield, ‘Sanctity in early modern Italy’, JEH 47 (1996), 98–112, особ. с. 103–104.

28. R. Copsey, ‘Simon Stock and the scapular vision’, JEH 50 (1999), 652–683. О столь же неприкрытом скепсисе иберийских инквизиторов в отношении ведьм, см. гл. 13, с. 639–640.

29. Ditchfield, ‘Sanctity in early modern Italy’, op. cit., 109.

30. Black, ‘Perugia and post-Tridentine Church reform’, op. cit., 441; D. Gentilcore, ‘“Adapt yourselves to the People’s capabilities”: missionary strategies, methods and impact in the Kingdom of Naples, 1600–1800’, JEH 45 (1994), 269–295 [282]. См. также: T. Deutscher, ‘Seminaries and the education of Novarese parish priests, 1593–1627’, JEH 32 (1981), 303–320.