Текст книги "Реформация. Полная история протестантизма"

31. L. Châtellier, The Religion of the Poor: rural missions in Europe and the formation of modern Catholicism, c. 1500–1800 (Cambridge, 1997), с. 40, 42–45.

32. Gentilcore, ‘Missionary strategy’, op. cit., 278.

33. Цит. по: P. Camporesi, The Fear of Hell: images of damnation and salvation in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1991), с. 69–72.

34. Gentilcore, ‘Missionary strategy’, op. cit., 278–279; о Сарако: ibid., 281.

35. G. Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (London and New Haven, 1998), с. 41–42, 277–278.

36. См. гл. 6, с. 358–360, и гл. 7, с. 378–379; о том, как Филипп непрестанно направлял усилия епископов во благо королевства, см.: H. Rawlings, Church, Religion and Society in Early Modern Spain (Basingstoke, 2002), с. 67.

37. H. Kamen, The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation (New Haven and London, 1993), с. 67. Для сравнения: гл. 2, с. 92, о монахинях и жизни в закрытых обителях: гл. 16, с. 713–718.

38. H. E. Rawlings, ‘The secularisation of Castilian episcopal office under the Habsburgs, c. 1516–1700’, JEH 38 (1987), 53–79 [67].

39. S. T. Nalle, God in La Mancha: religious reform and the people of Cuenca, 1500–1600 (Baltimore and London, 1992), с. 118–129. О печати: ibid., с. 114–118; Kamen, Phoenix and the Flame, с. 140–147, 398, 424–426.

40. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 109.

41. E. M. Wilson, ‘Spanish and English religious poetry of the seventeenth century’, JEH 9 (1958), 38–53 [45–46].

42. J. Contreras, ‘The impact of Protestantism in Spain 1520–1600’, in S. Haliczer (ed.), Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1987), с. 47–66 [62].

43. C. Villaseñor Black, ‘Love and marriage in the Spanish Empire: depictions of holy matrimony and gender discourses in the 17^th century’, SCJ 32 (2001), 637–667 [645].

44. M. Flynn, ‘Mimesis of the Last Judgement: the Spanish Auto da fé’, SCJ 22 (1991), 281–298; H. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: an historical revision (London, 1997), с. 98, гл. 9.

45. Kamen, Inquisition, с. 59–60, 189–190, 203, 301.

46. Kamen, The Phoenix and the Flame, с. 219–221, 347, 403–405.

47. A. K. Harris, ‘Forging history: the Plomos of the Sacromonte of Granada in Francisco Mermúdez de Pedraza’s Historia Eclesiástica’, SCJ 30 (1999), 945–965.

48. C. M. N. Eire, From Madrid to Purgatory: the art and craft of dying in sixteenth century Spain (Cambridge, 1995), особ. гл. 4, с. 177–188; Kamen, Phoenix and the Flame, с. 11–12, 19–21, 82–83, 127–129, 168–169, 194–195, 432 (цитата); Nalle, God in La Mancha, op. cit, с. 191–225; Rawlings, Church, Religion and Society in Early Modern Spain, op. cit., с. 87–89; Bireley, Refashioning, с. 114.

49. J. Bilinkoff, ‘Confession, gender, life-writing: some cases (mainly) from Spain’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 169–183 [181].

50. A. Weber, ‘Spiritual administration: gender and discernment in the Carmelite Reform’, SCJ 31 (2000), 123–145 [124–125].

51. L. Beckett, Times Literary Supplement, 28 Sep. 2001, с. 26.

52. V. Lincoln, Teresa: a woman (Albany, NY, 1984), с. 75, цит. по: Bilinkoff, ‘Confession, gender, life-writing’, op. cit., с. 180.

53. R. P. Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing (London, 1987), с. 6–19.

54. The Spiritual Canticle 22:4: K. Kavanaugh and O. Rodriguez (eds), The Collected Works of St John of the Cross (Washington DC, 1964), с. 497.

55. A. Weber, ‘Spiritual administration’, op. cit., 143; Hardy, John of the Cross, с. 102–105.

56. J. M. Boyden, ‘The worst death becomes a good death: the passion of Don Rodrigo Calderón’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 240–265 [264].

57. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 147.

58. Ср. напр.: J. A. Licate, Creation of a Mexican Landscape: territorial organisation and settlement in the Eastern Puebla basin, 1520–1605 (Chicago, 1981).

59. Ср. замечания Ф. Сервантеса в обзоре: L. N. Rivera, A Violent Evangelism: the political and religious conquest of the Americas (Louisville, KY, 1992), JEH 45 (1994), 509; также см. выше, гл. 2, с. 99–102.

60. C. R. Boxer, The Church Militant and Iberian expansion, 1440–1770 (Baltimore, 1978), с. 113.

61. R. Ricard, The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: an essay on the Apostolate and Evangelising methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain, 1523–1572 (Berkeley CA, 1966), с. 31–36.

62. I. Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570 (Cambridge, 1987), с. 40–41, 72–109; Ricard, Spiritual Conquest of Mexico, с. 264–265.

63. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 153–154, 158.

64. Ricard, Spiritual Conquest of Mexico, с. 122–123.

65. Ibid., с. 49–50.

66. Ibid., с. 183–187.

67. K. Burns, Colonial Habits: convents and the spiritual economy of Cuzco, Peru (Durham NC, 1999), с. 2–31, 27–37, 80, 113.

68. D. Brading, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Image and Tradition 1531–2000 (Cambridge, 2001), с. 58–70, 361–368.

69. P. K. Thomas, Christians and Christianity in India (London, 1954), с. 51–54.

70. J. Brodrick, Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) (London, 1952), с. 239–240.

71. V. Cronin, A Pearl to India: the life of Roberto de Nobili (London, 1959).

72. K. S. Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity (7 vols, London, 1938–47), iii, с. 336–366. J. D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (London, 1984) проливает свет на mentalité Маттео Риччи.

73. Latourette, History of the Expansion of Christianity, iii, с. 344, 348.

74. Лучший рассказ обо всей миссии: C. R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650 (Berkeley CA, 1967).

75. G. Schurhammer, Francis Xavier: his life, his times (4 vols, Rome, 1973–1982), iv, с. 269, 440, 447, 547, 555.

76. Boxer, Christian Century in Japan, с. 72–83, 89.

77. S. Turnbull, ‘Diversity or apostasy? The case of the Japanese «Hidden Christians»’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), Unity and Diversity in the Church (SCH 32, 1996), с. 441–454.

78. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 162; см. ниже, гл. 12, с. 606.

79. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 162.

80. R. J. Morgan, ‘Jesuit confessors, African slaves and the practice of confession in seventeenth century Cartagena’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 222–239.

81. C. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825 (Oxford, 1963), с. 7–9.

82. A. Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450–1950 (Oxford, 1994), с. 119–120.

83. B. Sundkler and C. Steed, A History of the Church in Africa (Cambridge, 2000), с. 51.

84. J. K. Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: civil war and transition, 1641–1718 (Madison, 1983), особ. с. 63–68.

85. Об исследователе-иезуите Педро Паише Харамильо, см.: J. Reverte, Dios, el Diablo y la Aventura (Barcelona, 2001).

86. Hastings, Church in Africa 1450–1950, с. 136–160.

87. Boxer, Church Militant and Iberian expansion, с. 82; о Канаде, ср. напр.: L. Campeau, La mission des Jésuites chez les Hurons 1634–1650 (Montreal, 1987), гл. 16, особ. с. 298, 302.

88. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 148–149.

10. Центральная Европа: битва за религию

1. Pörtner, Styria, с. 120.

2. S. Ozment, The Reformation in the Cities: the appeal of Protestantism to 16^th century Germany and Switzerland (New Haven and London, 1975), с. 1.

3. Pörtner, Styria, с. 35–40. За точку зрения на Тироль я в долгу перед Майклом Чисхольмом.

4. Ibid., с. 45, 55–56.

5. U. Köster, Studien zu den katholischen deutschen Bibelübersetzungen im 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (Münster, 1995), особ. гл. 5.

6. Pörtner, Styria, с. 99, 182; дальнейшие комментарии, см.: ibid., с. 4, 97–98, 187.

7. J. K. Nye, ‘Johannes Uhl on penitence: sermons and prayers of the dean of Rottweil, 1579–1602’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 152–168.

8. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 137–139.

9. R. Po-chia Hsia, Society and Religion in Münster 1535–1618 (New Haven, 1984), с. 59–60, 151–154, 167–171. On Speyer, M. Forster, The Counter-Reformation in the Villages: Religion and Reform in the bishopric of Speyer, 1569–1720 (Ithaca and London, 1992), с. 48, 66–74, 216–217.

10. О Граце: Pörtner, Styria, с. 28–29, 102; Ingolstadt, A. Seifert, Weltlicher Staat und Kirchenreform: die Seminarpolitik Bayerns im 16. Jahrhundert (Münster Westfalen, 1978).

11. G. Parker (ed.), The Thirty Years War (New York, 1984), с. 6; Pörtner, Styria, с. 27–31, 71, 81–83.

12. Pörtner, Styria, с. 88, 91–92, 113–114, 181.

13. Ibid., с. 162–164, 180; Bireley, Refashioning, с. 119.

14. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 62–63.

15. Pörtner, Styria, с. 33, 47, 112, 152.

16. Ibid., с. 198, 203–205, 215–216.

17. T. Johnson, ‘Holy fabrications: the catacomb saints and the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria’, JEH 47 (1996), 274–297 [277–278].

18. О Бенно: Johnson, ‘Holy fabrications’, 276; также см. выше, гл. 3, с. 198.

19. Johnson, ‘Holy fabrications’, 284.

20. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 117.

21. P. Soergel, Wondrous in his saints: Counter-Reformation propaganda in Bavaria (Berkeley CA, 1993), с. 110–130. О еще одном путеводителе от 1594 года из Лорето, см. выше, гл. 9, с. 476.

22. Pörtner, Styria, с. 241–243; C. Harline and E. Put, A Bishop’s Tale: Mathias Hovius among his flock in seventeenth-century Flanders (New Haven and London, 2000), гл. 6.

23. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 144.

24. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 25. Труд Грэма Мёрдока – выдающийся вклад в наши знания об этой теме, и я перед ним в огромном долгу.

25. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 19–21.

26. Ibid., с. 145.

27. Ibid., с. 65.

28. G. Starr, ‘Art and architecture and the Hungarian Reformed Church’, in P. C. Finney (ed.), Seeing beyond the Word: visual arts and the Calvinist tradition (Grand Rapids, 1999), с. 301–340 [303–315]; Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 153–154.

29. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 18, 41.

30. Ibid., с. 149–150, 167–169, 172.

31. Ibid, с. 152–153.

32. Ibid, с. 194, 206, 254–255.

33. Ibid., особ. гл. 9, и см. с. 287.

34. Ibid., с. 100, 267–269, 285.

35. О влиянии иезуитов, см.: A. L. Martin, Henry III and the Jesuit Politicians (Geneva, 1973), особенно «Заключение».

36. Naphy (ed.), Documents, с. 79. О Медичи см. выше, гл. 6, с. 366.

37. R. Briggs, ‘Finance, religion and the French Sate’, HJ 42 (1999), 565–570 [566].

38. X. Le Person, ‘“Les larmes du roi”; sur l’enregistrement de l’Édit de Nemours le 18 Juillet 1585’, Histoire, économie et société 17 (1998), 353–376, особ. с. 360.

39. О том, как в Наварре перенимали новые способы ведения войны, см.: T. J. Tucker, ‘Eminence over efficacy: social status and cavalry service in 16^th century France’, SCJ 32 (2001), 1057–1099, особ. с. 1081–1082.

40. J. H. M. Salmon, ‘Clovis and Constantine: the uses of history in 16^th century Gallicanism’, JEH 41 (1990) [601].

41. D. Reid, ‘Carnival in Rouen: a history of the Abbaye des Conrads’, SCJ 32 (2001), 1027–1055.

42. D. Potter (ed.), The French Wars of Religion: selected documents (London, 1997), с. 208.

43. L. J. Taylor, ‘Funeral sermons and orations as religious propaganda in 16^th century France’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 224–239 [237–238].

44. Martin, Henry III and the Jesuit politicians, с. 129.

45. Taylor, ‘Funeral sermons’, 237–238.

46. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 231–234.

47. Об отсутствии достоверности цитаты, см.: M. Wolfe, ‘The Conversion of Henri IV and the origins of Bourbon absolutism’, Historical reflections/Réflexions Historiques, 14 (1987), 287–309 [287].

48. S. M. Manetsch, Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace in France, 1572–1598 (Leiden, 2000), особ. с. 256–261.

49. G. Champeaud, ‘The Edict of Poitiers and the Treaty of Nérac, or two steps towards the Edict of Nantes’, SCJ 32 (2001), 319–333.

50. P. Benedict, The Faith and Fortunes of France’s Huguenots, 1600–1685 (Aldershot, 2001), с. 189.

51. P. Benedict, The Huguenot Population of France, 1600–1685: The Demographic fate and customs of a religious minority (Philadelphia, 1991), особ. с. 75–77.

52. R. Sauzet, Contre-Réforme et réforme catholique en Bas-Languedoc: le diocèse de Nmes au XVIIe siècle (Louvain, 1979), особ. с. 420, 490.

53. Champeaud, ‘Edict of Poitiers and the Treaty of Nérac’, 331.

54. J. A. Bergin, The Making of the French episcopate, 1589–1661 (New Haven and London, 1996), с. 208–243, 248–249, 251–257.

55. J. A. Bergin, ‘The Crown, the papacy and the reform of the old Orders in early 17^th century France’, JEH 33 (1982), 234–255 [237–238].

56. L. J. Lekai, The Rise of the Cistercian Strict Observance in seventeenthcentury France (Washington DC, 1968), особ. с. 166.

57. V. Harding, ‘Whose body? A study of attitudes towards the dead body in early modern Paris’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 170–187 [175]; Bergin, ‘The Crown, the papacy and the reform of the old Orders’, 234.

58. R. Kleinman, François de Sales and the Protestants (Geneva, 1962), с. 16. О встречах с Безой: ibid., с. 90.

59. W. M. Thompson (ed.), Bérulle and the French School: selected writings (New York, 1989), с. 183.

60. Thompson (ed.), Bérulle and the French School, с. 125, 170. Содержательное обсуждение: W. J. Hankey, ‘Augustinian Immediacy and Dionysian Mediation in John Colet, Edmund Spenser, Richard Hooker and the Cardinal de Bérulle’, in D. de Courcelles (ed.), Augustinus in der Neuzeit, Colloque de la Herzog August Bibliothek de Wolfenbüttel, 14–17 octobre, 1996 (Turnhout, 1998), с. 154–158.

61. E. Duffy, ‘The English secular clergy and the Counter-Reformation’, JEH 34 (1983), 214–230, особ. с. 223–224. О самом крайнем, поистине поразительном исходе таких отношений в духовенстве среди сторонников «Блэкло», см.: J. R. Collins, ‘Thomas Hobbes and the Blackloist conspiracy of 1649’, HJ (2002), 305–332.

62. В истории был и Корнелий Янсений-старший (1510–1576), епископ Гента, в 1560-х годах – один из самых достойных кандидатов, которых Филипп II намеревался направить в новую епархию Нидерландов.

63. Bireley, Refashioning, с. 187.

64. За эту точку зрения я благодарен доктору Александре Уолшем.

65. Об изучении этого явления, см.: D. G. Thompson, A Modern Persecution: Breton Jesuits under the suppression of 1761–1814 (Oxford, 1999).

11. 1618–1648: Решение и разрушение

1. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 208; G. Parker (ed.), The Thirty Years War (New York, 1984), с. 210–211.

2. Parker (ed.), Thirty Years War, с. 84.

3. R. Bireley, Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S. J., and the formation of imperial policy (Chapel Hill, 1981).

4. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 49–51.

5. Rummel, Humanism, с. 128.

6. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 1–9.

7. Ibid., с. 14–23.

8. C. S. Dixon, ‘Popular astrology and Lutheran propaganda in Reformation Germany’, History 84 (1999), 403–418.

9. R. Kolb, Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, Hero: images of the Reformer 1510–1620 (Grand Rapids, 1999), с. 133.

10. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, особ. гл. 4.

11. Parker (ed.), Thirty Years War, с. 38–44.

12. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 59.

13. Parker (ed.), Thirty Years War, с. 44–45.

14. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 3.

15. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 29.

16. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 84–85.

17. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 136, 179–181.

18. J. Bepler, ‘Vicissitudo temporum: some sidelights on book collecting in the Thirty Years’ War’, SCJ 32 (2001), 953–967 [955].

19. L. F. Miskovsky, ‘The Catholic Counter-Reformation in Bohemia’, Bibliotheca sacra 57 (1900), 532–552 [550]. За эту отсылку я благодарен Говарду Лутену. См. также: O. Châline, ‘Frontières religieuses: La Bohême après la Montagne Blanche’, in E. Andor and I. G. Tóth (eds), Frontiers of Faith: religious exchange and the constitution of religious identities 1400–1750 (Budapest, 2001), с. 55–66.

20. Z. V. David, ‘The strange fate of Czech Utraquism: the second century, 1517–1621’, JEH 46 (1995), 641–668 [646, 657].

21. Pörtner, Styria, с. 138–142.

22. Pettegree (ed.), Reformation World, с. 406.

23. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 221.

24. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 39.

25. P. Sonnino, ‘From D’Avaux to Dévot: politics and religion in the Thirty Years War’, History 87 (2002), 192–203 [192].

26. Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, с. 288.

27. Ср. рассуждение в кн.: K. Scholder, The Birth of Modern Critical Theology (London, 1990), с. 10–11.

12. Кода: британское наследие. 1600–1700

1. J. Foster (ed.), Alumni Oxonienses: the members of the University of Oxford 1500–1714…(4 vols, Oxford and London, 1891–1892), iv, с. 102.

2. Общее представление о карьере Хукера и долгом влиянии его взглядов, см.: D. MacCulloch, ‘Richard Hooker’s Reputation’, EHR 117 (2002), 773–812.

3. N. Voak, Richard Hooker and Reformed Theology. A Study of Reason, Will, and Grace (Oxford, 2003).

4. W. R. Speed Hill et al. (eds) The Folger Library Edition of the Works of Richard Hooker (7 vols, Cambridge and Binghamton, 1977–1994), n. to vol. ii, с. 343, ll. 6–26. См. также: B. D. Spinks, Two Faces of Elizabethan Anglican Theology: sacraments and salvation in the thought of William Perkins and Richard Hooker (Lanham, 1999).

5. S. Doran, ‘Elizabeth I’s religion: the evidence of her letters’, JEH 50 (2000), 699–720; MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, с. 185–195.

6. Мы с нетерпением ждем потрясающей биографии Эндрюса от Питера Маккаллоха, перед которым я в неоплатном долгу за эти рассуждения.

7. L. Andrewes, Ninety-six sermons… (5 vols, Oxford, 1841–1843), i, с. 173–174: проповедь 10 ‘на рождение Христа’, Рождество 1615 года.

8. The Works of John Whitgift D. D. (3 vols, PS 1851), i, с. 184.

9. P. Lake, Anglicans and Puritans? Presbyterianism and English Conformist Thought from Whitgift to Hooker (London, 1988).

10. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, с. 169–173, 218–220.

11. P. Lake, ‘Lancelot Andrewes, John Buckeridge and avant garde conformity at the court of James I’ in L. L. Peck (ed.) The Mental World of the Jacobean Court (Cambridge, 1991), с. 113–133; см. широкое использование термина в кн.: A. Milton, Catholic and Reformed: the Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant thought, 1600–1640 (Cambridge, 1995).

12. J. F. Merritt, ‘The cradle of Laudianism? Westminster Abbey, 1558–1630’, JEH 52 (2001), 623–646.

13. P. Croft, ‘The religion of Robert Cecil’, HJ 34 (1991), 773–796.

14. A. W. Beasley, ‘The disability of James VI and I’, Seventeenth Century 10 (1995), 151–162.

15. W. B. Patterson, King James I and the reunion of Christendom (Cambridge, 1997).

16. K. L. Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism: a history of English and Scottish churches of the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Leiden, 1982), с. 285–306.

17. P. McCullough, Sermons at Court: Politics and Religion in Elizabethan and Jacobean Preaching (Cambridge, 1997), с. 194–209.

18. C. Carlton, Archbishop William Laud (London and New York, 1987), с. 13.

19. Ibid., с. 56, 152–153. О черепахе: ibid., с. 97, 227.

20. О воззвании и его эффекте: N. Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: The rise of English Arminianism c. 1590–1640 (Oxford, 1987), с. 48, 77, 229.

21. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 65. On Harsnet, Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists, с. 182–183.

22. C. Hill, Economic Problems of the Church from Archbishop Whitgift to the Long Parliament (Oxford, 1956), с. 223.

23. H. R. Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud 1575–1654 (London, 1940), с. 146.

24. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, с. 173.

25. J. Gilchrist, Anglican Church Plate (London, 1967), с. 71–76.

26. J. F. Merritt, ‘Puritans, Laudians and the phenomenon of church-building in Jacobean London’, HJ 41 (1998), 935–960. J. Craig, ‘Psalms, Groans and Dog-whippers: the soundscape of worship in the English parish church’, in W. Coster and A. Spicer (eds.), Sacred Space (forthcoming). Я благодарен доктору Крейгу за то, что он привлек мое внимание к своим находкам.

27. C. V. Wedgwood, The King’s Peace, 1637–1641 (London, 1955), с. 177–178.

28. J. Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and early Stuart England (Cambridge, 1998), гл. 3, 5.

29. H. Simms, ‘Violence in County Armagh, 1641’, in B. Mac Cuarta (ed.), Ulster 1641: Aspects of the Rising (Belfast, 1993), с. 133–134, и для сравнения: ibid., с. 5.

30. W. Lamont, ‘Richard Baxter, “Popery” and the origins of the English Civil War’, History 87 (2002), 336–352.

31. J. Morrill (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (London, 1990), гл. 2.

32. Поразительно ожесточенный современный спор о том, существовали ли рантеры, сдержанно рассмотрен в кн.: G. E. Aylmer, ‘Did the Ranters exist?’, PP 117 (Nov. 1987), 208–220.

33. D. S. Katz, Philosemitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655 (Oxford, 1982), особ. с. 235–238, 241.

34. J. Morrill, ‘The Church in England, 1642–1649’, in J. Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War, 1642–1649 (London and Basingstoke, 1982), с. 89–114.

35. D. Hirst, ‘The failure of godly rule in the English Republic’, PP 132 (Aug. 1991), 33–66.

36. См. особ.: S. W. P. Hampton, ‘Reformed Scholasticism and the battle for orthodoxy in the later Stuart Church’, тезисы диссертации на соискание степени доктора философии, Оксфорд, 2003.

37. MacCulloch, ‘Hooker’s Reputation’; J. Martin, Walton’s Lives: Conformist commemorations and the rise of Biography (Cambridge, 2001).

38. J. Maltby, ‘“The good old way”: Prayer book protestantism in the 1640–1650s’, in R. Swanson (ed.), The Church and the Book (SCH 38, 2004), 233–256; L. Gragg, ‘The pious and the profane: the religious life of early Barbados planters’, The Historian 62 (2000), 264–283. Я благодарен за эту отсылку Джудит Молтби.

39. S. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven and London, 1972), с. 136–137.

40. R. T. Handy, A History of the Churches in the United States and Canada (Oxford, 1976), с. 20; о Северной Африке: N. Matar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (New York, 1999), с. 84–92.

41. F. Bremer, John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father (Oxford, 2003).

42. R. Targoff, Common Prayer: the language of public devotion in early modern England (Chicago, 2001), с. 118–119.

43. A. Zakai, ‘The Gospel of Reformation: the origins of the great Puritan migration’, JEH 37 (1986), 584–602 [586–587].

44. Ahlstrom, Religious History of the American People, с. 146–147. Я благодарен Фрэнсису Бремеру за наши дискуссии по этому предмету.

45. B. Wendell, Cotton Mather: the Puritan Priest (Cambridge MA, 1926), с. 12. О происхождении «Конгрегационализма»: L. Ziff (ed.), John Cotton on the Churches of New England (Cambridge MA, 1962), с. 2. См. также: F. J. Bremer, Congregational Communion: clerical friendship in the Anglo-American Puritan community, 1610–1692 (Boston, 1994).

46. M. Winship, Making Heretics: militant Protestantism and free grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641 (Princeton, 2002).

47. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, с. 20, 23, 34.

48. E. H. Ash, ‘“A note and a caveat for the merchant”: Mercantile Advisors in Elizabethan England’, SCJ 33 (2002), 1–31, 27–29.

49. R. W. Cogley, John Eliot’s Mission to the Indians before King Philip’s War (Cambridge, MA, 1999), с. 5–6, 8, 12–18, 22, 40, 51.

50. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, с. 119, 252–253.

51. Ibid., с. 23.

52. Ibid., с. 36.

13. Эпоха перемен

1. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 50–51.

2. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 115.

3. G. E. Corrie (ed.), Sermons and Remains of Hugh Latimer… (PS, 1845), с. 20.

4. Марджори Ривз – специалист по изучению иоахимитов, и ее работы бесценны; сравните особенно: The Influence of Prophecy in the Late Middle Ages: a Study in Joachimism (Oxford, 1969).

5. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 22–23.

6. Cottret, Calvin, с. 103.

7. Достойное общее рассмотрение: I. R. Backus, Reformation Readings of the Apocalypse: Geneva, Zürich and Wittenberg (Oxford, 2000). Столь же изменчивое описание превратностей судьбы, постигших Книги Ездры, см.: A. Hamilton, The Apocryphal Apocalypse: the reception of the Second Book of Esdras (4 Ezra) from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1999).

8. P. J. Olsen, ‘Was John Foxe a millenarian?’, JEH 45 (1994), 600–624 [604–606].

9. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 50. Об апокалиптических настроениях в Шотландии, см.: A. H. Williamson, Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI: the Apocalypse, the Union and the shaping of Scotland’s Public Culture (Edinburgh, 1979); об Англии: K. R. Firth, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530–1645 (Oxford, 1979).

10. W. Johnston, ‘The Anglican Apocalypse in Restoration England’, JEH 55 (2004), 467–501.

11. P. M. Soergel, ‘The afterlives of monstrous infants in Reformation Germany’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 288–309.

12. Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 84.

13. A. Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1999), с. 204.

14. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 388–389, 396–398.

15. A. Walsham, Providence, с. 130–135, 167–168; о сельди сравните также: Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, с. 86.

16. Walsham, Providence, с. 232–233, 266.

17. Walsham, Providence, с. 137–139, 313; D. Underdown, Fire from Heaven: the Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992).

18. W. I. P. Hazlett, ‘Playing God’s card: Knox and fasting, 1565–1566’, in R. A. Mason (ed.), John Knox and the British Reformations (Aldershot, 1998), с. 176–199; Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 341–352.

19. Walsham, Providence, с. 142–146, 163–166.

20. B. Nischan, ‘The Second Reformation in Brandenburg: aims and goals’, SCJ 14 (1983), 173–187 [184].

21. Michalski, Reformation and Visual Arts, с. 76; Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 17.

22. Примеры, см.: L. E. Whatmore (ed.), Archdeacon Harpsfield’s Visitation, 1557 (Catholic Record Society 45/46, 1950–1951), с. 77, 115, 146, 205, 222, 267; C. Litzenberger, The English Reformation and the Laity: Gloucestershire, 1540–1580 (Cambridge, 1997), с. 24, 132; J. E. Foster (ed.), Churchwardens’ Accounts of St Mary the Great Cambridge (Cambridge, 1905), с. 162.

23. R. Hayden (ed.), Records of a Church of Christ in Bristol (Bristol Record Society 27, 1974), с. 81–85.

24. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, с. 9–10.

25. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 153–154.

26. T. Cooper (ed.), The Journal of William Dowsing: iconoclasm in East Anglia during the English Civil War (Woodbridge 2001), особенно см. очерк: J. Morrill, с. 1–28.

27. S. Clark, Thinking with Demons: the idea of witchcraft in early modern Europe (Oxford, 1997), с. 594. Издание документов, имеющих отношение к судебным делам Хопкинса и Стерна, которое предпринял Малкольм Гэскилл, появится как 3-й том книги: J. Sharpe (ed.), English Witchcraft 1560–1736 (6 vols, London, 2003–), и я очень благодарен доктору Гэскиллу за то, что он заранее рассказал мне о своих находках. Он также готовит к печати исследование: Witchfinders: Matthew Hopkins and the Great English Witch-Hunt.

28. Рональд Хаттон, чью помощь я с благодарностью принял, первым предложил приблизительно рассчитать число умерших за колдовство: R. Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: their nature and legacy (Oxford, 1991), с. 306, 370. Сейчас эта оценка широко принята, для сравнения: G. Scarre and J. Callow, Witchcraft and Magic in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe (Basingstoke, 2001), с. 21, а также: J. Sharpe, Witchcraft in Early Modern England (Harlow, 2001), с. 6. О сравнении числа казненных за ересь: W. Monter, ‘Heresy executions in Reformation Europe, 1520–1565’, in Grell and Scribner (eds), Tolerance in the Reformation, с. 48–64 [62–63].

29. Ценная коллекция судебных дел, связанных с колдовством в Скандинавии, формирует часть книги: B. Ankarloo and G. Henningsen (eds), Early Modern Witchcraft: centres and peripheries (Oxford, 1989).

30. Davies, God’s Playground, с. 196–197; R. Hutton, Shamans: Siberian spirituality and the western imagination (London, 2001), с. 47–67, 142–146; Ankarloo and Henningsen (eds), Early Modern Witchcraft, с. 266–267.

31. M. Gaskill, Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2000), с. 48–66, 78. K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (2^nd edn, London, 1973), с. 660–669. Авторы этих книг предполагают, что обвинения в колдовстве обычно возникают из-за конфликтов, связанных с нарушением традиционных обязательств гостеприимства перед маргиналами. Прежде это предположение часто цитировалось, и возможно, оно в каком-то отношении справедливо, но для общего объяснения оно не подходит.

32. C. Harper-Bill (ed.), The Register of John Morton of Canterbury, 1486–1500, III: Norwich sede vacante, 1499 (Canterbury and York Society, 89, 2000), с. 215–217.

33. N. L. Brann, Trithemius and Magical Theology: a chapter in the controversy over occult studies in early modern Europe (Albany, NY, 1999), с. 51–57.

34. W. Behringer, ‘Witchcraft studies in Austria, Germany and Switzerland’, in J. Barry, M. Hester and G. Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and belief (Cambridge, 1996), с. 64–95 [82–83]. О Шпренгере и розарии: Ellington, Mary, с. 34 и 257 (прим.).

35. Disquisitionum Magicarum libri sex: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart (ed.), Martin Del Rio: Investigations into Magic (2000), особ. с. 8. Об истории издания «Молота ведьм»: Monter, ‘Heresy executions’, с. 62.

36. M. Summers (ed.), H. Kramer and J. Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum (London, 1928), с. 41–42.

37. A. Rowlands, ‘Witchcraft and old women in early modern Germany’, PP 173 (Nov. 2001), 50–89, особ. с. 65, 70, 78.

38. Ankarloo and Henningsen (eds), Early Modern Witchcraft, с. 290.

39. M. Del Rio, Disquisitionum Magicarum libri sex (Lyon, 1612), ‘Proloquium’, страницы не проставлены; для сравнения: Maxwell-Stuart (ed.), Martin Del Rio, с. 28–29.

40. W. Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria: popular Magic, religious zealotry and reason of state in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), с. 393, 402–405.

41. J. D. Tracy, Europe’s Reformations 1450–1650 (Lanham, 2000), с. 256.

42. G. Murdock, ‘Death, prophecy and judgement in Transylvania’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 206–223 [213–214].

43. W. G. Naphy, Plagues, Poisons and Potions: Plague-spreading conspiracies in the western Alps c. 1530–1640 (Manchester, 2002), особ. с. 3, 93–94, 197–201. Ср. также: Cottret, Calvin, с. 179–181; Clark, Thinking with Demons, с. 522–523.